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AI and Chronic Inflammation
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
One can ask at this point in a discussion on immunology, “So, other than duration, what’s the difference between acute inflammation and chronic inflammation?” The differences are significant enough to consider chronic inflammation a distinct and separate disease entity from acute inflammation. They include: (1) a difference in the histopathology between the two; (2) a difference between the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics between the two; and (3) perhaps of greatest consequence, a dramatic difference between the clinical course, beyond duration, of acute versus chronic inflammatory disease. Let’s look at each of these differences more closely to demonstrate the uniqueness of chronic versus acute inflammation. The only common resource material we will use in this discussion, both from Chapter 2, will be Figures 2.3 (page 23) and to a lesser degree, Figure 2.4 (page 24).
Role of Occupational Neurotoxicants in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Lucio G. Costa, Luigi Manzo, Occupatinal Neurotoxicology, 2020
Stefano M. Candura, Luigi Manzo, Lucio G. Costa
The cause of death of dopaminergic neurons remains elusive, and PD is thus considered an idiopathic disease. However, both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated,87-89 and different mechanisms of cytotoxicity (i.e., oxidative stress, impairment of mitochondrial respiratory activity, excitotoxicity) have been hypothesized.90 In animal studies, the actions of three chemicals have become prototype models for investigating such neurotoxic mechanisms: namely, dopamine for oxidative stress, l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for mitochondrial damage, and metamphetamine for excitotoxicity (see Reference 90 for review). A current hypothesis is that PD is not a single disease entity, but the reflection ot the brain’s limited repertoire for the expression of nigrostriatal damage, irrespective of cause.91
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Animal Models of Autoimmune Diseases
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
As mentioned earlier, rodent bone marrow contains 10 times less T lymphocytes than human bone marrow, and the T cell content of unmanipulated peripheral blood stem cells may be twice as much of that of human bone marrow harvests. For translational exercises, the most important demonstration is in EAE that excess of T lymphocytes in the autologous graft induces an excess of relapses. One can also use the finding that in the relapse prone EAE model, T cell depletion of the rat bone marrow graft did not decrease the incidence of spontaneous relapses. This would imply that a 2 log T cell depletion of blood stem cells would be sufficient in clinical practice. However, it is not known if the proportions of autoreactive cells in the human AD and the animal models are in the same range, nor even if these proportions differ per disease entity.
Usefulness of insertable cardiac monitors for risk stratification: current indications and clinical evidence
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Amira Assaf, Dominic AMJ Theuns, Michelle Michels, Jolien Roos-Hesselink, Tamas Szili-Torok, Sing-Chien Yap
Insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) are predominantly used in patients with recurrent unexplained syncope. Continuous arrhythmia monitoring using a subcutaneous device has proven to be very useful and cost-effective in establishing causative relationships between symptoms and cardiac arrhythmias. The 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Syncope guidelines has expanded the indication (class IIa) for an ICM to patients with unexplained syncope and primary cardiomyopathy or inheritable arrhythmogenic disorders who are at low risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), as an alternative to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) [1]. These recommendations were new in comparison to the 2009 ESC Syncope guidelines but were based on limited clinical evidence (level of evidence C) [2]. The current review focuses on the use of an ICM for risk stratification for SCD in patients with a structural or electrical heart disease. We restricted to cardiac diseases which were indicated for an ICM in the 2018 ESC Syncope guidelines [1]. Furthermore, we expanded the review to cardiac diseases with published clinical experience with the ICM. Per disease entity, we will discuss the established risk factors for SCD, current primary prevention ICD indications, and the clinical evidence of the role of an ICM.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Traditionally, the term ‘asthma’ has been used to describe a singular disease entity; however, it has recently become recognized that a notable degree of heterogeneity exists among asthmatic conditions (Erle and Sheppard 2014). As a result, a novel classification scheme was developed wherein multiple different subsets of the disorder identified. All of the asthma subtypes represented in this paradigm are derived from one of two general types of disease variants. Endotypic subtypes are distinguished according to differences in the underlying mechanisms responsible for presentations of disease. Specific endotypes implicated in allergic asthma include Th2, non-Th2, Th17, and neutrophilic subtypes (Guibas et al. 2017). Comparatively, phenotypic variants of disease are differentiated according to discrepancies in major clinical characteristics among disease subtypes. Common asthma phenotypes include adult-onset, obesity-related, smoking-associated, and virus-induced variants (Corren 2013).
Use of mobile phone among patients with HIV/AIDS in a low-middle income setting: a descriptive exploratory study
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Gladys Dzansi, Jeniffer Chipps, Margaret Lartey
This was a descriptive exploratory study that sought to assess whether clients infected with HIV had the requisite skills in using the mobile phone applications and factors contributing to mobile phone skill literacy. Mobile phone skill assessment was important in determining the training gaps prior to introducing an integrated mobile phone intervention program in the current population. Although these skills are not disease entity specific, their skill in using alarm function, sending and receiving text messages and voice calls were evaluated as part of the intervention planning phase. It was also relevant to assess the language preferences and privacy issues in order to develop appropriate strategies for enhancing program success. The exploration of predictors further enabled an understanding of the factors that were to be controlled to promote efficient use of the mobile phone applications during study implementation.