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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 24 per cent of the global disease burden (healthy life years lost) and 23 per cent of all deaths (premature mortality) can be attributed to ‘preventable environmental factors’ [2]. The disease burden varies across the globe from 14 per cent in Western Europe to over 30 per cent in Africa [3]. In Europe, schemes such as the REACH Regulations (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals) [4] require companies manufacturing or marketing industrial chemicals to identify and manage the risks they pose. However, due to the large number of chemicals, there is limited information about their environmental behaviour, their toxicity or their subsequent adverse impacts on health.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 24% of global deaths (and 28% of deaths among children under 5) are due to modifiable environmental factors [2]. The disease burden varies across the globe from 14% in Western Europe to over 29% in Africa [3]. In Europe, schemes such as the REACH Regulations (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals) [4] require companies manufacturing or marketing industrial chemicals to identify and manage the risks they pose. However, due to the large number of chemicals, there is limited information about their environmental behaviour, their toxicity or their subsequent adverse impacts on health.
Cipargamin: Biocatalysis in the Discovery and Development of an Antimalarial Drug
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Thomas Ruch, Elina Siirola, Radka Snajdrova
Malaria is a disease caused by single-celled parasitic microorganisms of the Plasmodium group that are transferred to humans by a bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito. According to the 2017 World Malaria report, 91 countries reported a total of 216 million cases of malaria in 2016, with 445,000 deaths reported. The major disease burden is in the sub-Saharan countries in Africa (90% of the cases and deaths). More than two thirds of the deaths occur in children under the age of five (WHO World Malaria Report, 2017).
Food Insecurity, Dietary Patterns, and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Windhoek, Namibia
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2022
Lawrence N. Kazembe, Ndeyapo Nickanor, Jonathan Crush
The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, hypertension, cardio-vascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a growing public health concern in the Global South.1–5 Rates are proportionally higher than in many countries in the Global North, and the disease burden now surpasses that of well-documented infectious diseases such as HIV and AIDS and tuberculosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that NCDs will increase by 17% between 2013 and 2025 in Africa.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 In 2020, the NCD burden will exceed an estimated 80% of the global burden of disease. Already, cardio-vascular disease (CVD) and diabetes contribute about 80% of deaths in the Global South, while two-thirds of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer deaths occur in the same region. A recent WHO report on the economic cost of illness in Sub-Saharan Africa found that the total annual productivity costs amounted to 629 million DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) of which one-third (216 million) were from noncommunicable diseases.7 NCDs are now a larger contributor to morbidity and mortality than infectious diseases (37% versus 36%). Nutritional deficiencies are responsible for an additional 4% of morbidity and mortality.7 In terms of total productivity losses, 37% is attributable to NCDs and 27% to infectious disease.
Burden of injuries and its associated hospitalization expenditure in India
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2021
Jeetendra Yadav, Geetha Menon, Amit Agarwal, Denny John
The disease burden indices were Years of Life lost due to premature mortality (YLL); Years lived in disability (YLD) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to a disease condition and is the sum of YLLs and YLDs. The methods, strengths, and limitations of the NBE have been discussed extensively in the paper by the authors (Menon et al. 2019). Briefly, the NBE method adopted an indigenous computational technique using publicly available data. The estimation used national-level population and mortality data for 2017 from the UN Population Division; state-level population and mortality data for 2010–14 was obtained from the Registrar General of India’s Sample Registration System(SRS report 2017 The national death counts were adjusted to match the UN national total for each age and sex stratum. . To this we applied the national cause specific proportions appropriately weighted for rural and urban strata for each state to obtain the age and cause specific UN adjusted death counts. These death counts were used to obtain the YLLs for each cause(i) and age group(j) as given by
Using disability-adjusted life years to estimate the cancer risks of low-level arsenic in drinking water
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Hui Zhang, Luobin Wang, Yiyi Wang, Shan Chang
Health risk assessment (HRA) is a useful tool to evaluate the adverse effects of pollutants in drinking water. According to the differences of basic methods, HRA can be divided into qualitative and quantitative assessment. During qualitative assessment, the health risk is usually expressed as a deterministic value or a probability of exceeding a standard, while in quantitative assessment risk indicators are used to describe the severity, duration and differences of the health impacts. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) is a disease burden indicator for quantitative assessment. By weighting different age groups and time periods, the life lost due to both premature mortality and morbidity can be estimated.[24] Thus, DALYs is useful for comparing the different cancer risks induced by one hazard.[25] Based on DALYs, the disease burden of lead, arsenic, disinfection by-products (DBPs) and microbial pathogens in drinking water have been studied.[26–33] However, the cancer risks caused by low-level arsenic and the differences among the multisite cancers have not been well-understood. Zhang et al. evaluated the health risk upon exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water of major cities of China with the disease endpoints of skin, lung, bladder and liver cancers.[25] Due to much controversy over the liver cancer risk associated with the arsenic level, there is a big challenge to the validity of the results.