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Nanotechnology to Address Micronutrient and Macronutrient Deficiency
Published in Shilpi Birla, Neha Singh, Neeraj Kumar Shukla, Nanotechnology, 2022
Shiva Sharma, Neha Singh, Manisha Rastogi
Deficiency of all macronutrients causes energy deficiency and is commonly known as protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), earlier named protein-energy malnutrition. Factors responsible for PEU encompass inadequate nutrient intake, co-morbid conditions and chronic drug intake that interfere with nutrient bioavailability. Worldwide, the vulnerable population for primary PEU is again children and the elderly; however, among the elderly population, depression has also been linked with PEU occurrence. Fasting or anorexia nervosa can be another reason for PEU. Its severity can be graded into mild, moderate or severe level based upon the calculation for weight as a percentage of projected weight for length or height by means of international standards (normal, 90 to 110%; mild PEU, 85 to 90%; moderate, 75 to 85%; severe, < 75%). In children, chronic primary PEU has two common forms: Marasmus and Kwashiorkor [25].
Analyzing Complex Polygenic Traits
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Bernard R. Lauwerys, Edward K. Wakeland
Historically, the most striking demonstration that gene polymorphisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases comes from the analysis of patients harboring hereditary deficiencies in complement factors Clq, C2 and C4. Thus, over 90% of patients presenting with homozygous Clq deficiency (41 cases reported to date) develop a severe lupus-like disorder characterized by malar rash, glomerulonephritis and production of antinuclear antibodies.1-3 Complete C4 deficiency is an extremely rare condition (28 cases reported) since the human genome contains about 2 to 8 copies of the C4 gene, each of them encoding a C4A or a C4B molecule according to polymorphic variations in exon 26 of the sequence. In this group of patients, the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is about 75%.4 Finally, the most common inherited complement deficiency in humans is homozygous C2 deficiency with an estimated prevalence of 1:20,000, one third of them developing a mild form of SLE.5
Nanoencapsulation of Iron for Nutraceuticals
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Naveen Shivanna, Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Teenu Sharma, Farhath Khanum
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional deficiencies encountered across the globe. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 2 billion people are suffering from iron deficiency, or anemia (Severance and Hamza, 2009). Whenever there is iron loss, it should be compensated through dietary intake, and if this does not happen, deficiency of iron will result and, over a period of time, turn to anemia. If the case is left untreated, it will result in insufficient number of RBCs, less hemoglobin with low oxygen supply, which would further lead to fatigue and tiredness (Zimmermann and Hurrell, 2007). Most commonly, children, premenopausal women, and people with malnutrition are most susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA further causes problems such as arrhythmia, pregnancy complications, and delayed growth milestones in infants and children. Iron deficiency, with hemoglobin less than 8 g/dl, leads to anemia of inflammation (AI), characterized by a reduction in red cell size as observed in inflammatory disorders and malignancy (Nemeth and Ganz, 2014).
Container gardening to combat micronutrients deficiencies in mothers and young children during dry/lean season in northern Ghana
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2019
Clement Kubreziga Kubuga, Andrew Dillon, Won Song
The root causes of anemia are inadequate intakes of dietary iron, poor bioavailability of dietary iron, deficiency of other micronutrients (folate, or vitamin B12) and/or diseases/infections (thalassemia, malaria, HIV infection, hookworm infection and schistosomiasis).9 Although inadequate iron in the diet is the major cause of anemia, little has been done in improving the accessibility of iron-rich food sources for the vulnerable groups, particularly in the peak of food insecurity, during dry/lean season in most parts of Africa including Ghana. The major source of iron intake in Africa is plant based19 (dark green vegetables such as hibiscus, beans, peas, etc.). Seasonality affects availability and consumption of iron-rich dark green vegetables as they are readily available in the wet season20, but not in the dry season.
Selective recognition of Fe3+ and Cr3+ in aqueous medium via fluorescence quenching of graphene quantum dots
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Savan K. Raj, Abhishek Rajput, Hariom Gupta, Rajesh Patidar, Vaibhav Kulshrestha
Metal ions are associated with various fields such as industries, environment and health. Cr3+ is involved in metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids and thus it is essential for health in moderate intake. Its deficiency is associated with risk factors of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. However, its excess greatly affects cellular activity. Fe3+ is an essential nutrient and is associated with major metabolic pathways such as uptake and transport of oxygen to tissues. However, its excessive concentration in cell damages biomolecules. Therefore, whether a metal ion is techno-economically important or pollutant or biologically essential, its selective detection is utmost important. Sophisticated analytical instruments such as Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectrometer, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) etc. serve the purpose of detection of metal ions.[1–4] However, these are associated with some limitations such as requirement of costly equipment, higher running/maintenance cost and needs trained analyst.
Iron status in athletic females, a shift in perspective on an old paradigm
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Claire E. Badenhorst, Kazushige Goto, Wendy J. O’Brien, Stacy Sims
Iron is considered an essential mineral for athletic performance, supporting the processes of oxygen delivery and energy production at a cellular level (Beard, 2001). Symptoms of iron deficiency include lethargy, fatigue, negative mood, and in cases of iron deficiency anaemia, a reduced work capacity (Pasricha et al., 2010; Sim et al., 2019). This cumulative list of symptoms is likely to impact an athlete’s training and competitive performances (Sim et al., 2019). As such, researchers in sport physiology and medicine frequently suggest that iron status in athletes be routinely measured with appropriate actions taken to correct deficiencies if, and when, required (Sim et al., 2019). Female athletes are encouraged to undergo quarterly or biannual iron screenings (dependent of history of iron deficiency) due to higher incidence rates of iron deficiency which, in previous and current literature has largely been attributed to increased iron loss through menses (Bruinvels et al., 2016; Mayer et al., 2019; Pedlar et al., 2018). Of note, female athletes presenting with menorrhagia may have an exacerbated risk of iron deficiency as compared to eumenorrheic females with regular or normal blood loss (Bruinvels et al., 2016; Clancy et al., 2006). Research has demonstrated declines in iron status in female athletes over prolonged training periods (Auersperger et al., 2013; Mielgo-Ayuso et al., 2018), with changes being the result of increased exercise-induced iron loss. Research on the changes in iron status within the menstrual cycle of female athletes is limited; therefore, researchers with an interest in female athletes’ health may have to draw conclusions from studies in non-athletic populations. Within the non-athletic populations there is variability in the results for the change in iron status within the menstrual cycle, with two studies demonstrating a change in iron status (Heath et al., 2001; Kim et al., 1993), while others report no change at all (Belza et al., 2005; Puolakka, 1980). However, as will be discussed throughout this review, there is evidence from previous research to suggest that in healthy eumenorrheic females, changes in iron status will likely occur throughout the menstrual cycle and this should be a consideration for future research in female athletes. It should be noted that exercise-associated menstrual disturbances are well documented in female athlete health research, with regular menstruation considered a marker of endocrine and metabolic health. Thus, the question is raised as to how a marker of female athletic health may negatively impact an essential mineral required to maintain athletic performance and physiological processes such as energy metabolism and immune function. This article aims to review and critique the current understanding of iron regulation in females and proposes and challenges the paradigm that menstrual blood loss increases the risk of iron deficiency.