China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Polysaccharides and Proteins-based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Roberta Cassano, Federica Curcio, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Debora Procopio, Sonia Trombino
In 2019, Samadian and collaborators prepared and characterized a collagen hydrogel loaded with naringin as scaffold for peripheral nerve damage treatment. The microstructure, biodegradation, swelling behavior, and cyto-/hemocompatibility of the hydrogel were evaluated. Finally, the efficacy of the obtained hydrogel on the sciatic nerve crush injury was studied in the animal model. The characterization tests showed a porous structure of the hydrogel with the presence of interconnected pores and pore average size of 90 µm. The degradation tests proved that a loss of about 70% of the primary weight of the hydrogel after 4 weeks of storage. In vitro studies revealed a high cell proliferation on collagen/naringin hydrogel higher than the control group (tissue culture plate) at both 48 and 72 h after cell seeding and even significantly higher than pure collagen at 72 h.
Accident Investigation
Published in Steven J. Landry, Handbook of Human Factors in Air Transportation Systems, 2017
A human factors branch was first established at the CAB in 1959, but its scope was fairly limited. It was primarily concerned with identifying injury mechanisms and evaluating the crashworthiness of vehicles. In the 1960s, the division’s responsibilities were expanded to include investigation of operators’ medical, psychological, and physical fitness for duty (Doyle, 1968). By the 1970s, the division’s efforts had expanded to include human performance, which was essentially an activity aimed at identifying reasons for unexpected deviations from desired crew performance. With this addition, the efforts of the branch’s investigators were divided into three areas: Medical and crush injury factorsSurvival and other postcrash factors andHuman performance factors
Neurophotonics for Peripheral Nerves
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Ashfaq Ahmed, Yuqiang Bai, Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Ranu Jung
Fluorescence microscopy has also been used for peripheral nerve imaging. Peripheral sensory axons marked with the yellow fluorescent protein in transgenic mice were viewed transcutaneously in superficial nerves (Pan et al., 2003). Degenerating and regenerating axons were followed in live animals with a dissecting microscope and then, after fixation, studied at high resolution by confocal microscopy. Using this approach, differences in regenerative ability after nerve transection, crush injury, and crush injury after a previous “conditioning” lesion were identified. It was also shown that the chemotherapeutic drug vincristine rapidly but transiently blocks regeneration and that the immunosuppressive drug FK506 modestly enhances regeneration. Fibred fluorescence microscopy, an updated technique has been successfully used in imaging axon regeneration–degeneration in peripheral nerves (Vincent et al., 2006). It was used to image an injured the saphenous nerve of a Thy-1 eYFP transgenic mouse. They imaged the fiber bundles forming the main nerve trunk in vivo. The arrangement was the same as observed in the fixed nerve, which was visualized by standard fluorescence microscopy. These authors observed an absence of fluorescence immediately after the injury, which is attributed to the loss of the YFP protein through the damaged cell membranes.
SalterHarris fractures in paediatric skiers and snowboarders
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2023
Ruikang (Kong Kong) Liu, David R. Howell, Lauren A. Pierpoint, Casey C. Little, Jack Spittler, Morteza Khodaee, Aaron Provance
The Salter-Harris (SH) classification is commonly used to grade fractures with growth plate (physis) involvement, with five different descriptions: Type I (fracture within the physis), Type II (fracture through the physis and metaphysis), Type III (fracture through the physis and epiphysis), Type IV (fracture through the physis, epiphysis and metaphysis) and Type V (crush injury of the physis) (Brown & DeLuca, 1992; Caine et al., 2006; Levine et al., 2021). Previous studies on the distribution of SH fractures focus on injuries sustained from falls, motor vehicle accidents or general sports with rates of 1–15% Type I, 30–75% Type II, 10–20% Type III, 10–20% Type IV and <1% Type V depending on the bone involved (Barmada et al., 2003; D’Angelo et al., 2017; Jalkanen et al., 2021; Krueger-Franke et al., 1992; Leary et al., 2009; Levine et al., 2021). Although imperfect, the SH classification has important management and prognostic implications. Lower gradings like Type I or II fractures are usually treated with splinting or casting while higher gradings more often require surgery (Levine et al., 2021). The main complication of these injuries is premature physeal closure (growth arrest) that can lead to angular deformity and limb length discrepancy (Levine et al., 2021; Meyers & Marquart, 2022).
A review of wound dressing materials and its fabrication methods: emphasis on three-dimensional printed dressings
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
S. Pravin Kumar, Yuvasri Asokan, Keerthana Balamurugan, B. Harsha
Skin is made up of two primary layers called the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin and it prevents pathogens from invading our body. The dermis is present underneath the epidermis which consists of connective tissues, nerve endings, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels. Apart from providing strength and flexibility to the skin, it is also responsible for the sense of touch, pain, and production of sebum. Dermis and epidermis are connected by basement membranes. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a gel-like matrix produced by their surrounding cells. ECM is the largest component of the dermal layer and is crucial for wound healing. Wounds affect the continuity of the skin and might be caused due to cuts, burns, mechanical trauma, or surgery (Figure 1). The wound also impairs the functions of the skin which eventually leads to skin death. Applying wound dressing is an important measure to avert such complications. In an open wound, there is an extraneous break in the tissues, especially the skin. When skin rubs against a rough and hard surface, the resulting injury is called an abrasion (Figure 1(a)). A laceration is a deep cut in the skin and is mostly caused due to knives and other machinery (Figure 1(b,c)) while abrasions are caused due to road accidents. Burns are caused due to the exposure of the skin to extreme heat, flame, chemicals, etc. When the body is subjected to excessive force or pressure, the resulting injury is called crush injury (Figure 1(d)).
Medical Acts and Conscientious Objection: What Can a Physician be Compelled to Do?
Published in The New Bioethics, 2019
Nathan K. Gamble, Michal Pruski
To illustrate the distinction between a medical act and an act merely dependent on clinical skills, we must return to the distinction between the genus of an act and its species. Of the many acts that might belong to the genus of surgery (i.e. a clinical act), not all will be medical in nature. Removing a skin tumour or restoring a detached retina both involve surgery, and both aim at restoring the health of the patient. Inserting subdermal tracking devices in prisoners, performing punitive amputations (Perrin and Nolan 1999) or engaging in sophisticated torture (McColl et al.2012) also involve surgical procedures, but are not medical acts,21 even if performed by a trained physician in a hospital, for they do not pertain to the essence of medicine. Cutting off the arm of a patient with a crush injury is a medical act, aimed at preventing even worse morbidity and mortality. By contrast, cutting off the hand of a thief aims to bring about morbidity and a physician should never be compelled to do it, no matter that she has the necessary skill, or that her superiors or government direct her to. Though the skills of physicians can be utilized in different ways, it seems reasonable to expect them to perform tasks that are medical in nature, i.e. geared towards the health of their patients. Arguably, they should not be compelled to perform acts that are not geared towards promoting health, and which may even be ‘counter-functional’ to it (Watt 2017, p. 45).