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Cellular Biology in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Rejection cannot be completely prevented; however, a degree of immune tolerance to the transplant does develop. Tissue typing or cross-matching is performed prior to transplantation to assess donor-recipient compatibility for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and ABO blood group and to ensure the safety of the procedure. There are several tests that can be executed. In one of the first tests, the ABO blood group compatibility is tested because incompatibility between the blood groups leads to rapid rejection. As always, it is important to monitor the patients with proper immunosuppressive treatment. Lastly, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) can be used to assess the degree of MHC class I and class II compatibility. However, it is not a rapid test and can be used only in cases involving living related donors. It is rarely used at present.
Boosting symbiotic organism search algorithm with ecosystem service for dynamic blood allocation in blood banking system
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Prinolan Govender, Absalom E Ezugwu
Medical knowledge and treatments had advanced enormously since the early ages when human blood was believed to be absorbed through the skin, or by drinking the donor’s blood (Maluf, 1954). As medical knowledge evolved, the first human-to-human blood transfusion occurred around 1666 in Oxford (Giangrade, 2001). In the early 1990s, blood groups A and B were discovered, followed by group O, which resulted in the ABO blood grouping system (Reid et al., 2012). The inclusion of a Rhesus (Rh) factor further increased the four blood groups to eight different blood types. Cross matching blood type between donor and patient is vital, as an incompatible blood transfusion may lead to an individual’s immune system attacking the foreign blood cells, which could lead to shock, poor circulation, kidney failure or even death (Dean & Dean, 2005). Table 1, below, indicates the different human blood types, and the recipient groups with which it is compatible in a transfusion.