Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
Mitochondria contain their own DNA (termed mDNA) and function as the sites of energy release that occurs due to the glycolysis in the cytoplasm and ATP formation that occurs by chemiosmosis. The mitochondrion has been termed the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are bounded by two membranes, as seen in Figure 3.50. The inner membrane folds into a series of cristae, which are the surfaces on which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is generated. The matrix is the area of the mitochondrion surrounded by the inner mitochondrial membrane. Ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA are found in the matrix. Muscle cell mitochondrion is shown in Figure 3.51 for reference.
General Introductory Topics
Published in Vadim Backman, Adam Wax, Hao F. Zhang, A Laboratory Manual in Biophotonics, 2018
Vadim Backman, Adam Wax, Hao F. Zhang
Inside each mitochondrion, there is a core matrix space that contains most of the mitochondrial enzymes participating in the glycolytic-made citric acid cycles. The matrix is surrounded by a folded inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae and contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain. These structures are surrounded by the outer membrane, with the intermembrane space separating the two membranes. Mitochondria are unusual in the sense that they contain their own DNA, which encodes about 20% of the proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Not surprisingly, mitochondria are able to self-replicate.
Toxic and Asphyxiating Hazards in Confined Spaces
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
The mitochondrion is a double-walled cylindrical enclosed structure formed by two membranes, one inside the other. The inner membrane contains a series of folds or in-pocketings, called cristae. The cristae greatly increase the surface area. Respiratory enzymes are located on the cristae. Isolated mitochondria require a minimum oxygen tension of 0.5 mmHg. The critical intracellular partial pressure of oxygen for intact cells is estimated to be 3.5 mmHg (Jobsis 1964).
Static electric field inhibits the proliferation and secretion functions of splenic lymphocytes in mice
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Li Dong, Jiahong Wu, Guoqing Di
The membrane of mitochondrion consisted of inner and outer membranes. The inner membrane depressed inward to form the cristae. Under normal conditions, the structure of mitochondrial cristae was relatively obvious (see Figure 5b). In this study, the deficiency of cristae and the vacuolization (see Figure 5(d,e)) appeared in the mitochondria of T and B lymphocytes, which indicated that SEF exposure damaged the inner membranes of mitochondria. The inner membrane of mitochondrion played significant roles in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and was the main source of ATP (Tan et al. 2017). The damage of the inner membrane of mitochondrion could reduce the production of ATP and the content of ROS that was a side product of ATP (Yu et al. 2019). In this study, SEF exposure increased the activity of SOD. As a scavenger of ROS, SOD could be activated by excessive ROS, which accelerated the decomposition of ROS (Song et al. 2022). The results showed that SEF exposure reduced the content of ROS. The body of mouse may produce over compensation, which led to the consumption rate of ROS being greater than its synthesis rate and the reduction of ROS content. Therefore, this study suggested that the SEF exposure could indeed reduce the content of intracellular ROS by damaging the inner membrane of mitochondrion. As a signal molecule, ROS was involved in activating or maintaining many signal pathways related to lymphocyte proliferation. The decrease of ROS content could inhibit downstream signal pathways, interfere with the expression of genes and proteins related to cell cycle and block the progression of cell cycle, which inhibited the proliferation of cells (Moro-García et al. 2018; Bi et al. 2022). Based on the analysis above, this study showed that SEF exposure could inhibit the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes by reducing the content of ROS.