Conscious sedation

Conscious sedation is a medical procedure that involves administering anesthetics such as propofol and opioids to achieve a minimally depressed level of consciousness in the patient. This level of sedation allows the patient to maintain a patent airway and respond appropriately to physical stimulation and/or verbal command while undergoing a medical procedure. Depending on local protocol, the procedure may be performed under local anesthesia only or under conscious sedation.From: Imaging of the Pelvis, Musculoskeletal System, and Special Applications to CAD [2019], Neuroprosthetics [2019], Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach [2020]

Pediatric conscious sedation

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Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017

Jane S. Matsumoto, John T. Wald

Conscious sedation is defined as a state of depressed consciousness in which the patient can be aroused by verbal or physical stimuli, maintains protective airway reflexes, and independently maintains a patent airway. Deep sedation is defined as a state of depressed consciousness from which the patient is not easily aroused, and which may be accompanied by a partial or complete loss of protective reflexes and inability to maintain a patent airway independently. However, sedation is a dynamic state, and there is controversy over whether true ‘conscious’ sedation exists.1,2 The level of consciousness may follow a continuum between conscious and deep sedation during a single sedation procedure. The potential for any sedation procedure to advance to unintended deep levels of sedation, with their attendant risks, mandates close vigilance, constant monitoring and continued reassessment of the sedated child.

Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a comprehensive review

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Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019

Yong Ahn, Myung Soo Youn, Dong Hwa Heo

Endoscopic TLIF procedures can be performed without general anesthesia. In particular, percutaneous endoscopic TLIF is usually performed under local anesthesia. Use of conscious sedation reduces the risks associated with general anesthesia and facilitates real-time neurological feedback from the patient. Therefore, percutaneous endoscopic TLIF is particularly useful in elderly or medically compromised patients.

Conscious sedation

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Pediatric conscious sedation

Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a comprehensive review