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The Designed Object
Published in Miguel Ángel Herrera Batista, The Ontology of Design Research, 2020
This last point requires special attention as there are unfortunately a number of diseases attributable to prolonged work with computers or other types of mobile devices. One of the most widespread current illnesses due to the time users spend in front of a computer or device monitor is computer vision syndrome (CVS), which, says Rosenfield, ‘is the combination of eye and vision problems associated with the use of computers’, and he adds that ‘CVS may have a significant impact not only on visual comfort but also occupational productivity since between 64% and 90% of computer users experience visual symptoms which may include eyestrain, headaches, ocular discomfort, dry eye, diplopia and blurred vision either at near or when looking into the distance after prolonged computer use’ (2011: 502). In addition to CVS there are other conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, computer stress syndrome, and musculoskeletal problems (Ellahi et al., 2011: 171).
Keep It Brief: Videoconferencing Frequency and Duration as Predictors of Visual and Body Discomfort
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Taylor A. Doty, Lauren E. Knox, Alexander X. Krause, Sara R. Berzenski, Jacob W. Hinkel-Lipsker, Stefanie A. Drew
One way to assess how videoconferencing negatively affects users is to measure their visual discomfort levels. When associated with viewing computer screens or digital displays, this visual discomfort is referred to as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) or Digital Eye Strain (DES) (Rosenfield, 2011; Sheppard & Wolffsohn, 2018). Symptoms associated with these conditions have been heavily documented as a prevalent issue in visual display terminal work, such as those in office settings or other computer-heavy work (e.g., Uetake et al., 2000). Additionally, research has shown that extended amounts of time using computer screens are associated with increased reports of visual discomfort (Jaiswal et al., 2019). As technology continues to advance and become a more fundamental part of everyday life, the number of reported cases of associated visual discomfort has increased (Hsu & Wang, 2003; Wimalasundera, 2009). While this association refers to technological devices in general, it needs to be extrapolated to videoconferencing usage. A recent article has shown that the number of reported cases of ocular complaints rose steeply during 2020 when COVID-19 was declared a Global Pandemic (Noreen et al., 2021). This increase in CVS was mostly associated with shorter distances from the screen and longer periods of screen time (Noreen et al., 2021). Given the rapid increase in Zoom users during the pandemic—a growth from 10 million daily users in December 2019 to 350 million in July 2022 (Wise, 2022)—an investigation into visual discomfort associated with videoconferencing is warranted.
Visual ergonomics, performance and the mediating role of eye discomfort: a structural equation modelling approach
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Hamid Jahangiri, Reza Kazemi, Hamidreza Mokarami, Andrew Smith
Lighting is an essential and influential factor in human health and performance in the workplace. Bright lights from light sources or windows in the field of view can cause disabling and/or annoying glare [1,2]. Furthermore, non-visual exposures such as flickering light sources may cause eye strain and headaches. The visual environment should be designed to allow natural light to enter but block out disturbing light [3]. Glare, when working with a computer, causes visual fatigue and can lead to diplopia [1], which is measured by the divergence of vision stabilization [2], which means a decrease in the ability of the eyes to concentrate [4]. The most common health problems associated with computer work are visual and ocular symptoms [5–9] and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and shoulders [10,11], and there is evidence that shows a link between them [12–14]. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a complex eye and vision problem that results from prolonged computer use [15]. Symptoms of CVS include ocular strain, headache, blurred vision, eye fatigue and burning, back pain, neck pain and muscle spasms. A large portion of office workers experience visual symptoms, which is an occupational health problem [16]. Although computer work has not been shown to cause permanent damage to the eyes, it can cause temporary discomfort, which can lead to reduced productivity, lost work time and reduced job satisfaction [17]. A systematic literature review by Jiang and Duffy [18] showed a relationship between diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and CVS, and productivity. Therefore, establishing a proper visual environment to maximize visual comfort is vital to prevent musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and improve job performance and efficiency of the workers [19,20].