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Osmotic and Ionic Regulation
Published in Alan G. Heath, Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2018
Freshwater fish have the opposite problem to their marine cousins in that excess water gained from osmosis must be excreted. This is done by producing a relatively large volume (5 ml/kg/h) of dilute urine. Because of a loss of salt from diffusion across the gills and skin and a small loss via the urine, these fish must actively transport salt from the water into the blood. This is presumably done by chloride cells in the gills (but not the operculum), and possibly other gill epithelial cells as well, again utilizing energy from ATP and catalyzed by Na, K-activated ATPase. The chloride cells in freshwater fish transport sodium and chloride independently of each other. These electrolyte ions in the water are exchanged for ammonia, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate in the blood thus aiding the excretion of these waste products (Payan and Girard, 1984).
Leak detection in real water distribution networks based on acoustic emission and machine learning
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Ali Fares, I. A. Tijani, Zhang Rui, Tarek Zayed
The initial step in the process of the development of leak detection models is data set generation that constitutes acoustic signals for leak and no leak cases. Noise loggers were used in this study to record the acoustic signals emitted by the pipe systems. This equipment – noise logger – is an effective technology in leak detection industries [19,47]. The equipment used in this study is equipped with a Lithium Thionyl-Chloride cell operational for up to 5 years under standard operating conditions, and can be used with an operating temperature of –20 to 60°C (–5 to 140°F). Also, the equipment is capable of recording 2 million readings and can transfer multiple information per day to the cloud system using an internal cellular modem [20]. In addition, it has an onboard 24-hour real-time clock with a date facility.