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Introduction to Cancer
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
This process involves the initial phase of the invasion metastatic cascade process. During the dissemination process, cancer cells start invading near neighboring tissues from the starting point and transport them to secondary tumor sites (Goyal et al., 2018; Subbotin, 2018; Stephens et al., 2019). This invasion capacity of cancer cells is employed to discriminate malignant tumors from benign ones. In the metastasis process and progression of tumor cells, the invasion signaling pathway plays a key role. It involves the entry of cancer cells to the surrounding tumor microenvironment and tissue parenchyma. Cancer cells migrate to adjacent cells by losing their adhesion ability and leave the original (primary) tumor site. Hence, the metastasis starts with tumor cell migration (Chaffer and Weinberg, 2011; Asano et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Subbotin, 2019; Triki et al., 2019).
Single-Molecule Manipulation by Magnetic Tweezers
Published in Shuo Huang, Single-Molecule Tools for Bioanalysis, 2022
In vivo, biomolecules bind to other molecules, cell membranes or subcellular organelles to perform their functions, in which their mechanical properties play important roles [1, 2]. In the process of gene expression, transcription factors bind to the regulation sites on a strand of DNA, which results in bending or twisting of the DNA template [3]. In more complicated circumstances, some crosslinker proteins could join two or more molecules together to form higher ordered structures, such as cytoskeletons, focal adhesions, or cell–cell junctions [4–6]. The cytoskeleton network supports the morphological shape of the cell and the tension within the network regulates cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation via force-dependent interactions between the cell’s components [7–9]. Though force is crucial in the regulation of cellular activities, it is challenging to directly study the mechanical properties of such biomolecules in the absence of a suitable technique to perform single molecule manipulations [10].
Identifying Nanotoxicity at the Cellular Level Using Electron Microscopy
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Kerry Thompson, Alanna Stanley, Emma McDermott, Alexander Black, Peter Dockery
ROS are generated by the incomplete reduction of oxygen within the cell. When maintained at adequate levels these molecules can interact with and contribute to cell migration signalling pathways and specifically with the actin cytoskeleton (Stanley et al., 2014). When homeostasis fails and management of levels of ROS within the cell exceed the beneficial level, oxidative stress leads to damage within the sample which may ultimately trigger apoptosis or cell death (Ray et al., 2012). Nanoparticles have been implicated in both ROS-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways (Yang et al., 2014, Zhu et al., 2016). Previous work from our group, cited above as Stanley et al., has focused on the delicate interaction and balance of oxidation and oxidative stress within the cell. As the actin cytoskeleton, and its regulators the GTPase family, are so closely implicated with the endocytic mechanism, the effects of an up- or downregulation of ROS levels within the cell may also affect the endocytosis of nanoparticulate matter.
A Computational Approach for One and Two Dimensional Fisher’s Equation Using Quadrature Technique
Published in American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences, 2021
One of the essential mechanisms of wound healing and tumor progression is cell proliferation that occurs with the phenomenon of cell migration. During this process of healing, cells sense and respond to various physical, chemical and biological intimates. The biochemical intimates during this process have been studied by many researchers in-depth and the physical intimates are still being studied to estimate the phenomenon of wound healing and tumor progression. The spreading rate of cell populations in both of these phenomena are extensively studied to learn about the role of geometry in two and three dimensions Debnath (2012). A mathematical model used to describe the spread of proliferative cells is depicted in the form of the well-known Fisher-Kolmogorov equation given by where is the dimensional cell density, λ is the cell diffusivity, μ is the cell proliferation rate and is two dimensional gradient operator. The function is a nonlinear term that represents the effect of reaction or multiplication.
On the importance of substrate deformations for cell migration
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A. Gagnieu, G. Chagnon, Y. Chemisky, A. Stephanou, A. Chauvière
Cell migration is essential for many biological processes such as tissue morphogenesis, wound healing or metastatic invasion in cancer. It is a complex and highly regulated phenomenon closely guided and fine-tuned by both chemical and mechanical cues. Whereas chemoattraction has been extensively studied, the mechanical influence remains to be fully elucidated. Although cell sensitivity to the substrate rigidity is known under the term durotaxis (Marzban et al. 2018) and substrate anisotropy is known to influence cellular organization (Checa et al. 2015) much less is known about cell sensitivity to environmental stresses and strains. This paper proposes to specifically focus on the cell sensitivity to substrate deformations during migration. Those are assumed to play a role in long-range cell-cell interactions (Han et al. 2018) by which a cell deforms the substrate (Tanimoto and Sano 2014) and influences the orientation of migration of other cells in its neighbourhood. This form of mechanotaxis (to which we will refer as strain mechanosensing) could in particular explain how cells migrate towards each other to form vascular loops during angiogenesis when chemotaxis is ruled out.
The role of miR-130a-3p and SPOCK1 in tobacco exposed bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B transformed cells: Comparison to A549 and H1299 lung cancer cell lines
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Xiao-Fan Yu, Jin Wang, Nan OUYang, Shuang Guo, Huiying Sun, Jian Tong, Tao Chen, Jianxiang Li
In cancer, metastasis and cell migration ability are considered to be important factors associated with the prognosis of patient survival. Kawauchi (2012) reported that cell migration capability was found to be involved in cancer metastasis. Lei et al. (2017) noted that miR-143 and miR-145 suppressed gastric cancer metastasis by inhibiting gastric cancer cell migration. Our findings showed that increased expression levels of miR-130a-3p were significantly correlated with reduced migration capability accompanied by elevated apoptotic rates in A549 and H1299 cell lines and malignant transformed S30 cells. Evidence thus indicates that miR-130a-3p is associated with migration and apoptosis in lung cancer cells.