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Basic Concepts
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
Another application which exploits the characteristic impedance of the tissue and blood in the thorax, which changes with respiration and the cardiac cycle largely because of the changes in thoracic vascular volume, is Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance (TEB), also known as Impedance Cardiography (ICG). The ICG is essentially similar to the IPG procedure: one pair of electrodes, usually placed at the base of the neck, injects an alternating electric current (frequency range of 20 Hz to 100 kHz). Correspondingly, another two electrodes, placed on xiphoid or xiphisternal joint, measure the related voltage. TEB depends on biological composition, breathings, and by the blood circulation and blood volume of thoracic vessels. After processing to remove the respiratory component, the change in impedance from the baseline impedance, Z0, is related to the cardiac cycle. Therefore, the analysis of Z0 allows to evaluate the heart health status along with calculations of certain hemodynamic parameters including stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, and left work index [58, 74].
AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
A company has developed a wearable device (BioBeats), an app and machine learning system that collects data and monitors users’ level of stress before predicting when it could be the cause of a more serious or physical health condition. It measures several vital signs, including blood pressure, stroke volume, pulse rate, pulse pressure, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, saturation, cardiac output, cardiac index, and more. The data is transmitted to BioBeat’s application and is available on the individual’s cellular phone, tablet, or as a full monitoring system in a hospital department. When combined with in-app mood-tracking, deep breathing exercises, and executive function tests, it can provide a comprehensive overview of one’s mental and physical well-being.14
HCloud, a Healthcare-Oriented Cloud System with Improved Efficiency in Biomedical Data Processing
Published in Olivier Terzo, Lorenzo Mossucca, Cloud Computing with e-Science Applications, 2017
Ye Li, Chenguang He, Xiaomao Fan, Xucan Huang, Yunpeng Cai
A PPG is an optically obtained plethysmogram, which represents a volu-metric measurement of an organ. It is often obtained using a pulse oximeter that illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption [21–23]. It is used to monitor conditions related to breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory situations. The HCloud system provides the heart function indices, which evaluate the heart’s blood pumping capability, and peripheral vascular function, which assesses for HBP and arteriosclerosis. Two assessments of PPG are delivered to users: heart function and peripheral vascular function. Meanwhile, the system provides a detailed PPG index on heart function for the physician, including average pulse rate (PR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), blood oxygen saturation, and cardiac index (CI). To make users and the physician understand the heart function parameters intuitively, this system provides each index specification as well as the index of heart function histogram, as shown in Figure 8.13a. It is known that the index of peripheral vascular function can reflect the health status of the peripheral vascular system, which can help a physician assess serious degrees of HBP and arteriosclerosis. On the other hand, this health care cloud platform provides users the waveform characteristic (K), blood viscosity (V), peripheral resistance (TPR), sclerosis index (SI), degree of vascular conformity (AC), and pulse wave transit time (PWTT). At the same time, it plots the peripheral vascular histogram and gives specifications, as shown in Figure 8.13b. From those indices, a PPG diagnostic report can be generated by the system for the end user.
The effects of a multi-day cross-country mountain bike race on myocardial function, stress, inflammation and cardiac biomarkers in amateur master athletes
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Einat Kodesh, Dalya Navot-Mintzer, Liora Livshitz, Idit Shub, Tsafrir Or
Left Ventricular (LV) volume, ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV) were derived from the apical four- and two-chamber views using the biplane modified Simpson’s method (Lang et al., 2015). Cardiac output (CO) was calculated by multiplying SV by HR. Cardiac Index (CI) was calculated by dividing CO by body surface area.
Mathematical modeling of the Fontan blood circulation supported with pediatric ventricular assist device
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Ekaterina Rubtsova, Aleksandr Markov, Sergey Selishchev, Jamshid H. Karimov, Dmitry Telyshev
Verification of simulation results was carried out according to the following sources. Throckmorton and Chopski in 2008 described the use of pediatric pumps, including the physiology of Fontan's circulation. It was noted that use of the pump would solve the problems of venous hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypotension. Moreover, it would improve the cardiac output, creating a blood circulation resembling biventricular (Throckmorton and Chopski 2008). Rodefeld et al. in 2011 presented the results on the successful implantation of VAD to fully support Fontan circulation in animals. As a result of the experiment, it was shown that the pump implantation increases the cardiac index. Cardiac index is a parameter of circulation, equal to the quotient of cardiac output and the body surface area (BSA). Throughout the experiment, BSA remains unnamed, therefore, implantation of the pump leads to an increase in cardiac output. By definition, CO is equal to the product of stroke volume and heart rate (HR). The CO estimation is more indicative because heart rate may vary. This study confirms the results of our simulations: with equal HRs and with the pump support SV increases as well as CO (Rodefeld et al. 2011). Riemer et al. in 2005 also performed animal experiments. The results of the experiment also support the positive effect of using a pump to support single ventricular circulation. With use of the pump, CO increases, pressure in the vena cava decreases, and pressure in the pulmonary artery increases (Riemer et al. 2005). Dur et al. in 2009 showed a model of inferior vena cava ejector pump for connection to the Fontan. The simulation results confirmed the possibility of improving circulation parameters due to the pump use (Dur et al. 2009). Pekkan et al. in 2005 presented a model of complete support by implanting a pump into the Fontan circulation. As a result of the simulation, the authors noted that pressure in the vena cava decreased, and pressure in the pulmonary artery increased. The use of the VAD provided an acceptable level of cardiac output (Pekkan et al. 2005). Molfetta et al. in 2016 showed models with lumped parameters for single ventricular circulation with MCS in two different cases: when one VAD was connected to the left ventricle, and when two VADs were biventricularly connected (Di Molfetta et al. 2016).