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Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
An alternative to using endoscopes for imaging parts of the gastrointestinal tract is video capsule endoscopy employing a self-contained “camera pill” (Figure 2.19). Just as it sounds, this device is a tiny self-contained camera, light source, and video transmitter all in one compact, roughly 1-cm-long package. Patients swallow the camera pill in a doctor's office, then go about their daily activities while it makes its way through the digestive tract, moving by the natural method of peristalsis and taking a series of images two times a second as it goes. The patient wears about the waist a data recorder that receives and records transmitted images from the camera pill for later analysis. Video capsule endoscopy is useful for imaging parts of the digestive tract, such as the deeper reaches of the small intestine, difficult to access using endoscopes, and has FDA approval for such examinations in the US. Despite its small size, the resolution of the camera pill is 0.1 mm, only somewhat coarser than regular endoscopy. Some drawbacks relative to colonoscopy or endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract include the lack of ability to select the orientation of images, the inability to sample tissues for biopsy, and clinical approval only for small intestine imaging thus far. The next generation of active capsule endoscopy is slated to address some of these problems with devices that can propel and steer themselves.
Translating Sensor Technology into the Medical Device Environment
Published in Kevin Yallup, Krzysztof Iniewski, Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion, 2017
Capsule endoscopy is the term applied to a device with a miniature camera that can be swallowed, allowing for filming inside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Though not an implantable sensor, most of the same concerns about biocompatibility, hermeticity, and data collection obtain. The leader in this field is Given Imaging (www.givenimaging.com/en-int/Innovative-Solutions/Capsule-Endoscopy/Pages/default.aspx), an entity that successfully traversed the route from small start-up to public company. The device, called Pill Cam, has been in common use for many years and thus no discrete listing of clinical studies using it is tractable (a Pubmed search on capsule endoscopy will be rewarding to the reader). The Pill Cam device makes use of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and light-emitting diode (LED) light sources. The initial medical need it addressed was the ability to image parts of the small intestine not accessible to other endoscopic tools. The device sends images taken at a preset frequency to a recorder worn by the patient during the transit time of the capsule through his or her body. The physician is then able to review these images in a movieloop format with some location/position data in addition to anatomical landmark identification. Pill Cam received 510(k) clearance with a relatively small human clinical trial. There is no question that the short duration of time in the body as well as the ability to encase the entire device in a biocompatible plastic simplified this process. An interesting question is whether the device would be viewed as substantially equivalent today as it was a decade ago. At very least, it is an interesting case study of the interplay of risk, efficacy, and predicate weighting. Reimbursement for capsule endoscopy was not immediately forthcoming; however, medical demand blossomed, and physician adoption forcefully pushed aside any question that the device would be broadly covered. This product had to, essentially, define a new subfield of gastroenterology, and it had to gain favor with GI professional societies. But it started with a product that is comparably easy to manufacture and deploy and thus serves as a useful case study for those interested in translational medical devices development.
Light source position calibration method for photometric stereo in capsule endoscopy
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Yang Hao, Marco Visentini-Scarzanella, Jing Li, Peisen Zhang, Gastone Ciuti, Paolo Dario, Qiang Huang
By integrating a camera and several surface-mounted LEDs into a capsule-shaped medical device, capsule endoscopy makes it possible to perform non-invasive digestive tract inspection [1]. However, due to the physical constraints of the digestive tract, in most cases, capsule endoscopy usually integrates a monocular vision system, which is inherently insufficient for depth perception. To improve the precision of diagnosis, how to enhance the depth perception in monocular capsule endoscopy has been the topic of several studies in recent years [2–5].