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Conducting Polymers
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
N. Raghavendra Naveen, Girirajasekhar Dornadula, Pamayyagari Kalpana, Lakshmi Narasimha Gunturu
The zwitterionic phosphorylcholine groups have been utilized to forestall the unnecessary, nonspecific binding of proteins and cells. PC will specifically bind to CRP (C-reactive protein) and elicit a series of immune responses in the presence of calcium ions. Currently, CRP is identified as a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases, tissue damage, and inflammation [31]. Several studies have projected for PC-based polymers as sensing platforms to detect CRP [32]. Goda et al. demonstrated the application of PC-functionalized PEDOT, as a biosensor for detection of CRP and impact of several copolymer thin films of different concentrations. For CRP identification, the presence of calcium ions is mandatory, because each of the protomers has a calcium pocket in the PC-binding domain [33]. The structure and mobility of the bound water are very critical to exhibit antifouling properties [34]. When CRP binds to PC groups, the water near the PC groups will be released simultaneously and rapidly. No further information is clear if the CRP binding to PC groups is the only scenario for the particular affinity with antifouling moieties. Since specific interaction can significantly reduce the antifouling properties, it is very essential to understand the nature of this interaction and identify the molecules that possibly will bind to antifouling moieties.
Downstream Signaling 2
Published in James E. Ferrell, Systems Biology of Cell Signaling, 2021
The regulation of an oligomeric receptor by multiple ligand molecules and the regulation of a protein via multisite phosphorylation are examples of processes where an input feeds into the production of an output more than once. Both of these processes can be viewed as variations on what is termed coherent feed-forward regulation, a signaling motif mentioned back in Chapter 1. There are other more explicit examples of coherent feed-forward regulation in cell signaling as well, and, like oligomeric receptors and multiply phosphorylated proteins, they can yield ultrasensitive responses. Feed-forward regulation is commonplace in Escherichia coli transcriptional networks. One well-studied example is the arabinose-utilization system (Figure 5.14a). The upstream transcription factor CRP (for cAMP receptor protein) can, in the presence of its activating ligand cAMP, stimulate the transcription of various downstream genes, including those of the araBAD and araFGH operons. CRP also induces the transcription of araC, and the araC protein, when bound to its activating ligand arabinose, stimulates the transcription of the araBAD and araFGH operons. Therefore when arabinose is present, the system functions as a coherent feed-forward system, with CRP feeding into to the transcription of araBAD/FGH via two routes.
Transcriptional Regulation
Published in Markus W. Covert, Fundamentals of Systems Biology, 2017
Figure 1.2 contained the simplest example we could have considered; now let’s move toward more complex modeling of transcriptional regulation by considering a pair of transcription factors acting on the same gene promoter. The classic real-world example of such regulation is the regulation of the lac genes, whose gene products enable E. coli to grow on lactose and whose expression depends on two transcription factors shown in Figure 7.1a. E. coli prefers to eat glucose, and it will not metabolize anything else until the glucose is gone. In E. coli, this metabolic switching is accomplished with the transcription factor CRP (you encountered CRP in Figure 1.1). CRP binds the promoters of hundreds of genes once it is bound to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a small molecule whose presence indicates that none of E. coli’s favorite sugar sources are available. The CRP-cAMP complex can then bind operator sites that control the expression of genes that enable the uptake and metabolism of other carbon sources.
Effects of hesperidin on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response in healthy people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Yusuf Buzdağlı, Cemre Didem Eyipınar, Fatma Necmiye Kacı, Aslıhan Tekin
Supplementing with hesperidin, in particular, has been demonstrated in many studies to improve metabolic irregularities and inflammatory status in both healthy and sick people (Asgary et al. 2014; Ganeshpurkar and Saluja 2019; Cara et al. 2022). CRP, which has traditionally been used as a marker of infection and cardiovascular events, is effective in triggering host response in inflammatory processes and complement pathway, apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor production, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, release, and especially IL-6 formation. In studies CRP, it has been shown to play a role as an acute inflammatory protein that increases up to 1000 times at sites of infection or inflammation and is a good marker for pro-inflammation (Sproston and Ashworth 2018; Chen et al. 2019; Silva et al. 2021). TNF-α and IL-6 are some of the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines that hesperidin may inhibit expression of them (Haidari et al. 2015; Tsai et al. 2019; Abedini et al. 2020). The ability of hesperidin to modulate the expression of various pro-inflammatory genes, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), and T box transcription factor TBX (T-bet), has been linked to the production of various mediators such as NO cytokines and pro-inflammatory enzymes (Ghorbani et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2017).
Blood biochemical parameters for assessment of COVID-19 in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: a cross-sectional study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Syeda Umme Fahmida Malik, Parveen Afroz Chowdhury, Al Hakim, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Md Jahangir Alam, Abul Kalam Azad
CRP, an acute phase inflammatory protein produced by the liver, is used as a biomarker to predict inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and infection (Sproston and Ashworth 2018). It is reported that the elevated CRP level is associated with the severity of COVID-19 (Huang et al. 2020). The CRP levels in COVID-19 patients in the present study are significantly higher in comparison with those in COVID-19 negative patients (Table 2). However, the mean value of the CRP in COVID-19 negative patients is much higher than the cutoff value. Nevertheless, the percentages of COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative patients in the present study showing CRP levels greater than the cutoff value are 91 and 60, respectively. This result indicates that the cutoff value should be established for assessment, monitoring the progression, and prognostication of COVID-19 patients. There are inconsistencies among the levels of elevated CRP associated with progression and severity of COVID-19 because different studies used different cutoff values (Ryoo et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020; Koozi et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2020). Liu et al. (2020) reported that the CRP levels increased in 91% of COVID-19 patients on hospitalization and the proportion of patients with increased CRP was significantly higher in severe group than in mild group. Therefore, the serum CRP level could be employed for progression and severity assessment of the COVID-19 patients by establishing an optimized cutoff value.
Muscular fitness, Southern European Atlantic Diet and inflammation in adolescents. Azorean Physical Activity and Health Study II
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
César Agostinis-Sobrinho, Caroline Brand, Carla Moreira, Luís Lopes, José Oliveira-santos, Pedro Silva, Anelise Reis Gaya, Adroaldo Gaya, Jorge Mota, Rute Santos, Sandra Abreu
The low-grade inflammation is an immune system response associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (Can et al., 2016; Gómez-hernández, Beneit, Díaz-castroverde, & Escribano, 2016). This inflammation process is controlled by a complex system involving different and diverse cell types from the immune system and adipocytes (Balagopal et al., 2011). C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as one of the most important novel inflammatory markers (Blake & Ridker, 2001). CRP is an acute-phase protein with pro-inflammatory action released mainly by the hepatocytes, but also by adipocytes and arterial tissue (Saito, Maruyama, & Eguchi, 2014). Several studies have been shown CRP as a powerful predictor for the development of type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Balagopal et al., 2011; Blake & Ridker, 2001).