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Unsupervised Learning
Published in Mark Chang, Artificial Intelligence for Drug Development, Precision Medicine, and Healthcare, 2020
Biological networks (pathways) are interesting to many scientists. A biological pathway is a molecular interaction network in biological processes. The pathways can be classified into the fundamental categories: regulatory, metabolic, and signal transduction pathways. There are about 10,000 pathways in humans, including nearly 160 pathways involving 800 critical chemical interactions.
Effects of tobacco compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on the expression of epigenetically regulated genes in lung carcinogenesis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Sun Woo Jin, Jong Seung Im, Jae Hyeon Park, Hyung Gyun Kim, Gi Ho Lee, Se Jong Kim, Seung Jun Kwack, Kyu-Bong Kim, Kyu Hyuck Chung, Byung Mu Lee, Sam Kacew, Hye Gwang Jeong, Hyung Sik Kim
Accordingly, 35 differentially hypermethylated genes (including Hsf4, Cdkn1C, Hnf1a, Cdx1, and Hoxa5) and 30 differentially hypomethylated genes (including Ddx4, Piwi1, Mdm2, and Pce1) were detected in the NNK-exposed lung tissues compared with controls (Tables 3 and Tables 4). Further analysis was performed using biological pathway information from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database to map MIRA sequencing results and identify these at a significant pathway level. Information regarding significant pathways likely to be altered by harmful tobacco ingredients, such as taste transduction, is presented on the X-axis, and the Y-axis indicates the significance level (Figures 3 and Figures 4). Data demonstrated that NNK might affect diseases and various protein signaling systems. Subsequently, the pathways related to cancer were identified; representative genes predicted to be hypermethylated are marked in red, and genes predicted to be hypomethylated are marked in blue, as illustrated in Figures 5 and Figures 6. However, results obtained by analyzing the genetic database expected to be altered by NNK exposure, using biological pathway information software, are somewhat insufficient to assess the influence of actual tobacco ingredients on diseases and various protein signaling systems.