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Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
As shown in Figure 8.6, the bacterial cell is enclosed by a lipid membrane, which houses proteins, ribosomes, and other necessary components of the cytosol. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, membrane-bound organelles are absent in bacteria and thus have few intracellular structures. The nucleoid is an area of the bacterial cells, which is composed of chromosomes associated with small amounts of RNA and proteins. Like monkeys have tails, the tail-like structures of bacteria are known as flagella, which help in motility or migration on a material substrate. The flagella are proteinaceous structures of about 20 μm in length and up to 20 nm in diameter. Pili are essentially extracellular structures, which can transfer DNA/RNA from one bacterial cell to the other, in the process of bacterial conjugation.
Procaryotic Cells
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Pili are of two different types. Bacteria have common pili that can adhere to mucous membranes and other cell surfaces in a susceptible host, and increase the virulence of the bacteria. Sex pili help to join bacterial cells in order to exchange DNA from one cell to another during bacterial conjugation.
A synthetic biology approach for the design of genetic algorithms with bacterial agents
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2021
A. Gargantilla Becerra, M. Gutiérrez, R. Lahoz-Beltra
Bacteria-inspired evolutionary algorithms arise from the need to resolve some of the distinctive setbacks of optimisation methods. At the end of the 90s of the last century, [1] introduced a Bacterial Evolutionary Algorithm with new genetic operators for the simulation of gene transfer and mutation, and [2] Microbial Genetic Algorithm, which includes a recombination operator inspired by bacterial conjugation. More recently, genetic algorithms were designed to solve specific optimisation problems with gene transfer operators and non-standard versions of genetic mutation operators, e.g. inverse mutation and pairwise interchange mutation [3]. The above algorithms illustrate some examples where bacteria provide a source of inspiration for new genetic operators. In fact, bacteria have the ability to transfer genes between individuals of the same generation, which is known as horizontal gene transfer. An example of horizontal gene transfer is the bacterial conjugation mechanism. For instance, [4] introduced a bacterial conjugation operator showing its usefulness in the design of an AM radio receiver. Afterwards other bacterial conjugation operators were introduced [5], exploring the possibility of incorporating physiological behaviours of bacteria into an evolutionary algorithm. For example [6] incorporates the chemotactic behaviour of E. coli bacteria which is one of the main steps in the Bacterial Foraging Optimisation Algorithm [7], which is one of the most distinctive bacteria-inspired algorithms. New versions of evolutionary algorithms based on bacteria are designed by their hybridisation with other techniques, e.g. the Bacterial Memetic Algorithm [8] includes local search methods, particularly the Levenberg-Marquardt method.