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Health effects of exposure to radio frequency radiation
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
Meltz [83] reviewed the in vitro literature pertinent to the issue of the possible induction of toxicity, genotoxicity, and transformation of mammalian cells due to RF exposure. The author concludes, The weight of evidence available indicates that, for a variety of frequencies and modulations with both short and long exposure times, at exposure levels that do not (or in some instances do) heat the biological sample such that there is a measurable increase in temperature, RF exposure does not induce (a) DNA strand breaks, (b) chromosome aberrations, (c) SCEs, (d) DNA repair synthesis, (e) phenotypic mutation, or (f) transformation (cancer-like changes).
Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons V
Published in Donald H. Les, Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America, 2017
Systematics: Although Mecardonia and Bacopa have been merged by some authors, analyses of various molecular datasets indicate that the genera are closely related but distinct phylogenetically (Figures 5.82, 5.85, and 5.86). Mecardonia is coherent morphologically and appears to be monophyletic as currently circumscribed (e.g., Figure 5.86); however, a comprehensive phylogenetic survey of the genus has not been conducted and is needed to test this assumption. The base chromosome number of Mecardonia is x = 11. Mecardonia procumbens is diploid (2n = 22); whereas, M. acuminata is tetraploid (2n = 44). Artificially induced tetraploids of M. procumbens have been synthesized and these grow slower, delay flowering, but flower longer than the diploids. A supernumerary (“B”) chromosome has been found in M. procumbens. Several infraspecific taxa have been described for Mecardonia acuminata. The integrity of these taxa has been evaluated by morphological and genetic (ISSR markers) analyses, which fail to uphold the distinctness of M. acuminata var. microphylla, but do indicate the integrity of M. acuminata var. peninsularis. Natural hybrids are not reported in North America, but several hybrid interspecific cultivars have been synthesized, and these appear to retain at least some fertility.
Genetic Algorithms
Published in Lal Chand Godara, Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications, 2018
Wesley O. Williamson, Sembiam R. Rengarajan
The Number_of_Iterations should be nominally set to 100, to start. The population size should be about ten times the number of bits per chromosome. For the 72-b chromosome of the nonuniform antenna array example, the population size would be about 700. Note that the initial population size can be set to 1400, to give the algorithm a good start, and reduced to 700 after the first generation. Figure 9.12 shows the typical exponential performance curve of a GA. Once the GA has been debugged, the various control parameters, such as number of bits per parameter and population size, may be adjusted for better convergence.
Controlling GHG emission from industrial waste perusal of production inventory model with fuzzy pollution parameters
Published in International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 2019
Amalesh Kumar Manna, Jayanta Kumar Dey, Shyamal Kumar Mondal
(b) Chromosome representation : The concept of chromosome is normally used in the GA to stand for a feasible solution to the problem. Normally, there are two types of chromosome representation: (i) the binary vector representation based on bits and (ii) the real number representation. In this paper, the real number representation scheme is used. Here, the structure of a chromosome is a ‘-dimensional real vector’ , where , represent different decision variables of the problem. In our problem the number of variables is 4, i.e. . So in this representation the structure of genes in a chromosome are , , , .