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Bioaerosol-Induced Hypersensitivity Diseases
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Cory E. Cookingham, William R. Solomon
Atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis is a skin disorder often associated with elevated serum IgE levels, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and a family history — often biparental — of atopy. There is no single diagnostic lesion; however, acutely involved areas of itchy, red, somewhat swollen, scaling rash — often with small blisters — are characteristic. With longstanding involvement, the skin is thickened and dry. The distribution of affected skin areas varies with age: In infants, the cheeks are preferentially affected; with advancing age, the flexor creases of the arms and legs assume prominence, although whole-body involvement can occur. Useful criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis have been developed by Hanifin and Rajka (1980). Immediate skin tests to numerous foods and environmental allergens are often positive, IgE is elevated in over 80% of individuals with atopic dermatitis, and in vitro tests may confirm the presence of specific IgE (Chapman et al., 1983). “Patch on scratch” testing (applying allergen to the excoriated skin under an occlusive patch) with environmental allergens may be positive (DeGroot and Young, 1989), but the relationship of these responses to disease causation is not clear.
Eczema
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
The term atopy was introduced by Coca and Cooke in 1923 and means a strange disease. Today the term atopy includes allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and certain forms of GI allergy and urticaria. Atopic dermatitis is a genetically determined, chronically fluctuating, pruritic eczematous disorder starting in infancy or childhood. During infancy, eczematous lesions on the head and extensor surfaces of the extremities are prominent features. In older children and adults, involvement of the flexure areas of the elbows, knees, wrists, and ankles are common. The atopic skin is pale, dry, and pruritic and has a reduced resistance to irritants.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Collectively, atopic dermatitis represents a well-established immunological disorder associated with the genetic predisposition for atopy, a distinctive timeline of disease emergence, concurrent existence of allergic comorbidities, and characteristic clinical symptoms that include immediate-type allergic responses of the skin following contact with antigen. Comparatively, the term ‘contact urticaria’ is generally used to refer to a specific clinical presentation of dermal hypersensitivity responses in which localized angioedema and eruption of wheal and flare-type lesions is observed immediately following dermal contact with antigen. Despite these subtle but fundamental discrepancies, the terms ‘atopic dermatitis’ and ‘contact urticaria’ are often used interchangeably to describe hypersensitivity responses involving localized, rapidly-emerging inflammatory skin reactions following allergen contact. Accordingly, case reports describing presentations of metal allergy in the context of either of these response types are discussed collectively in this review (Pongpairoj et al. 2016).
Topical application of celastrol alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms mediated through the regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and group 2 innate lymphoid cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Jae Kwon Lee, Jin Kyung Seok, Ilyoung Cho, Gabsik Yang, Kyu-Bong Kim, Seung Jun Kwack, Han Chang Kang, Yong-Yeon Cho, Hye Suk Lee, Joo Young Lee
Atopic dermatitis is basically an inflammatory disease, which is attributed to exposure to environmental allergens or insults resulting in several abnormal immune responses. Typically, (1) serum IgE levels are elevated, (2) there are enhanced sensitizing responses to allergens, or (3) increasing Th2 cytokines occurs during the acute phase. Among the responses, TSLP is released in large amounts from keratinocytes when the skin barrier is damaged by external allergens and irritants. TSLP induces dendritic cell-mediated Th2 immune responses to initiate activation of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (Ziegler and Artis 2010). Thus, TSLP is termed the ‘master switch’ in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (Liu 2006). TSLP is considered as an important mediator for the progression of atopic dermatitis patients to asthma or allergic rhinitis in atopic march. Therefore, TSLP might be considered as a target for preventing development of atopic dermatitis and therapeutic target for preventing the progress of atopic march (Zhang et al. 2009).
Protective effect of Paeoniae radix alba root extract on immune alterations in mice with atopic dermatitis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Gwang-Ho Jo, So-Nam Kim, Mun-Ja Kim, Yong Heo
Currently, there are no apparent directed therapies available for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Approaches to manage atopic dermatitis include avoidance of allergic triggers, maintenance of epidermal homeostasis, and inhibition of global inflammatory responses with corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors (Egawa and Weninger 2015; Weidinger and Novak 2016). Some herbal or plant products were tested for their preventive or therapeutic effects on atopic dermatitis (Mainardi, Kapoor, and Bielory 2009; Tan et al. 2013; Zari and Zari 2015). Among these products, extract of Paeoniae radix alba root was found to inhibit inflammatory responses in mice with allergic contact dermatitis by restoring the balance of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine production (Wang et al. 2015). Mice with experimentally induced allergic contact dermatitis were intragastrically administered total root extract. Levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum and in splenic culture supernatants were increased, but IL-2 and IL-17 concentrations were decreased in mice administered the extract. Paeoniae radix alba root extract contains approximately 40 components, including monoterpene glycosides, galloylglucoses, and phenolic compounds. Of these, paeoniflorin is the most abundant and thought to be responsible for the pharmacological effects of the extract (Table 1, European Medicines Agency 2016; He and Dai 2011; Li et al. 2009). Both the extract and paeoniflorin block passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by IgE-antigen complex and scratching behavior initiated by 48/80 compound in mice (Lee et al. 2008). Paeoniae radix alba root extract exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through downregulation of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandin E2 (Fu et al. 2016; He and Dai 2011).