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Computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) System for Determining Histological Grading of Astrocytoma Based on Ki67 Counting
Published in Varun Bajaj, G.R. Sinha, Computer-aided Design and Diagnosis Methods for Biomedical Applications, 2021
Fahmi Akmal Dzulkifli, Maryam Ahmad Sharifuddin, Mohd Yusoff Mashor, Hasnan Jaafar
Astrocytoma is a type of glioma tumor that can develop in the brain or spinal cord. For astrocytoma brain tumors, the tumor arises in the star-shaped cell (astrocytes) that functions as supporting tissue for the nerve cells. The signs and symptoms of astrocytoma are varying and depend on the size and location of the tumor. The symptoms may occur when the tumor puts pressure on the nerve of the brain and interferes with the normal functions of the brain. Headaches, seizures, memory loss, and changes in behavioral or cognitive functions are the most common general and early symptoms of astrocytoma [1]. In terms of treatment, it depends on the location, type, and size of the tumor. Each type has a different procedure for treatment. The standard treatment is to perform surgery for removing the tumor. Another treatment is the use of radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Usually, these two treatments will be performed if the tumor cannot be fully removed by surgery [1].
Magnetic resonance in neuro-oncology: Achievements and challenges
Published in Dževad Belkić, Karen Belkić, Signal Processing in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Biomedical Applications, 2010
Complete surgical resection is the aim for successful treatment of brain tumors. Realization of this goal vitally depends upon the grade and histopathologic characteristics of the tumor and anatomical location. If accessible, low-grade astrocytomas are usually surgically resected with RT often also employed. Protocols vary substantially across centers, and strategies also differ greatly in relation to the clinical considerations. Since high-grade gliomas only rarely have clearly defined margins, total surgical resection is not possible in most cases. Partial resection to control mass effect is often performed, as well as RT, chemotherapy and glucocorticoids. Overall survival is poor, generally below 1 year. Total surgical resection represents a curative treatment for meningiomas. If the resection is sub-total, local RT is usually given and reduces recurrence rates to fewer than 10%. If the meningioma is not surgically accessible, targeted radio surgery with the gamma knife or heavy particle radiation may be considered. Accurate grading of intra-cerebral neoplasms can be very difficult, due especially to tumor heterogeneity. For this reason, brain biopsy may not provide the definitive answer, besides being associated with substantial morbidity, as noted. Thus, there has been interest in using in vivo MRSI with full volumetric coverage for grading brain tumors.
Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
B. A. Aderibigbe, I. A. Aderibigbe, A. P. I. Popoola
Brain tumors are classified as primary tumors that occur within the brain and metastatic that spreads into the brain from outside the central nervous system (Cerna et al., 2016). Brain tumor is life threatening and causes blockage of cerebrospinal fluid resulting in an increase in intracranial pressure and swelling (brain tumors). Majority of brain tumors originate from glial cells and are classified as grade I (pilocytic astrocytoma), grade II (diffuse astro-cytoma), grade III (anaplastic astrocytoma), and grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme) (Cerna et al., 2016). Brain tumors, such as glioblastoma are life threatening due to their invasive nature and resistance to treatment (Cerna et al., 2016; Liu and Zong, 2012).
An efficient glioma classification and grade detection using hybrid convolutional neural network-based SVM model
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
An astrocytoma is a type of Glioma. Astrocytomas are the most common kind of tumor, with grades ranging from I to IV. Treatment is challenging due to the location of cancer [3] in the brainstem (which controls several vital processes, including breathing, swallowing, and heart rate). Astrocytoma that grows in different parts of the brainstem can have various consequences. Gliomas of the midbrain and medulla (the top and bottom parts of the brainstem) are low-grade (grade I). On the other hand, grade IV tumors that form in the pons (the mid-portion of the brainstem) generally grow and advance considerably more swiftly; the reason for these tumors’ fast development in this part of the brain is unknown. An MRI scan [4, 5] is usually all that is required to diagnose a brainstem glioma since it can pinpoint the exact location of the tumor in the brainstem. UCSF now routinely performs brainstem tumor biopsies to obtain more information about the tumor, even though many brainstem gliomas have never been biopsied before. The tissue is used to confirm the diagnosis and look for particular characteristics (such as genetic abnormalities) that might help with treatment recommendations.
A novel triple-level combinational framework for brain anomaly segmentation to augment clinical diagnosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Senthilkumar Natarajan, Vishnuvarthanan Govindaraj, Ravipudi Venkata Rao Narayana, Yu-Dong Zhang, Pallikonda Rajasekaran Murugan, Karunanithi Kandasamy, Khurram Ejaz
Astrocytoma carcinoma originates from the most common glial cells called astrocytes (star-shaped cells) present in both the brain and the spinal cord. Figure 5 presents the segmented output of the astrocytoma affected brain image. JA-FCM algorithm gives effective segmentation of tumour affected region despite the low-intensity variation in the input image, and the same is visible in the final segmented results.