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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
PFOA is immunotoxic in mice (USEPA 2002). Fair et al. (2013) reported on the health of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from the estuarine coastal areas of Charleston, SC, USA. For immune function, PFOA was shown to function in a PPARα–dependent manner. PFOA was associated with increases in various hematological parameters, such as anion gap function, serum phosphorus concentration, amylase activity, total protein concentration, and total globulin concentration, and decreases in creatine phosphokinase activity. The increased serum phosphorus levels was particularly notable because progressive renal insufficiency leads to hyperphosphatemia, with increased creatinine concentration, coupled with heightened phosphorus levels, being indicative of a prolonged and sustained defect in kidney function and possibly kidney disease.
Drug-induced pulmonary oedema and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Teofilo Lee-Chiong, Richard A Matthay
Pulmonary oedema has been noted to occur in about 20–30 per cent of salicylate-intoxicated patients who are over 30 years old.2,3 The likelihood of developing pulmonary oedema was greater in older patients, in those with a history of chronic salicylate ingestion or history of smoking, and in patients with neurologic abnormalities, proteinuria, and serum salicylate levels greater than 40 mg/dL.3 Risk is also associated with the ingested dosage of the drug. In the paediatric age group, pulmonary oedema secondary to salicylate intoxication is correlated with a higher initial anion gap, greater serum salicylate levels, younger age, hypocarbia, and lower serum potassium.4
Clinical Toxicology of Iron
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Shilia Jacob Kurian, Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Ahmed Alshrief, Sreedharan Nair, Mahadev Rao
Other Blood Tests: Elevated serum glucose and white blood cells (WBC) were once used as a specific marker of Fe toxicity. However, due to its less sensitivity and specificity, these have been less frequently used. Liver function tests can also be employed, as they depict the liver status and the extent of the injury. Renal function tests and electrolyte measurements help to calculate the anion gap and to identify electrolyte imbalances as well as prerenal azotemia (Spanierman 2019).
Effects of an environmentally relevant PCB-mixture on immune function, clinical chemistry, and thyroid hormone levels in adult female B6C3F1 mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Patricia A. Fair, Margie M. Peden-Adams, Meagan A.M. Mollenhauer, Gregory D. Bossart, Deborah E. Keil, Natasha D. White
Complete blood cell counts (CBC) [white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, and platelets] were determined using an automated analyzer (Bayer ADVIA 120, Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY). Differential leukocyte counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes), as part of the CBC, were performed by microscopic examination of modified Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears (Bayer Healthcare, Tarrytown, NY). The serum chemistry analytes (glucose, total protein, calcium, BUN, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), amylase, total bilirubin, and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) were measured with an automated analyzer (Roche Hitachi 917, Indianapolis, IN). Other serum analytes were not measured including sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, iron, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, anion gap, creatinine, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin, magnesium, γ- glutamyltransferase, and total iron-binding capacity due to low serum volumes resulting in small sample sizes from 1 to 3 for some treatment groups.