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Robust Nuclei Segmentation using Statistical Level Set Method with Topology Preserving Constraint
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Level Set Method in Medical Imaging Segmentation, 2019
Shaghayegh Taheri, Thomas Fevens, Tien D. Bui
Pathology is a medical specialty which concerns laboratory examination of cells and tissue samples with the purpose of diagnosis and characterization of diseases. More specifically, cytopathological and histopathological examinations of a biopsy or surgical specimen are two main branches of anatomical pathology that are commonly applied to diagnose various diseases, including cancer. Cytopathology (or cytology) refers to the microscopic investigation of samples at the cellular level and is mainly advantageous when quick preparation, staining, and interpretation procedures are needed. Despite the fact that cytopathological imagery are highly beneficial as they provide great cellular detail at low cost, cytopathological examinations alone are not sufficient for accurate diagnosis purposes. For instance, they cannot indicate whether the cancer cells are spreading into and damaging surrounding tissues. Therefore, to obtain higher diagnostic accuracy, the preliminary cytopathological tests must be confirmed by the so-called histopathological (or histological) assessments for which the overall tissue architecture is evaluated. Pathologists usually make diagnostic interferences by visual inspection of cells based on their morphological features and architecture, such as shape, position, size, number, etc. Although still being considered as the gold standard, manual examination of biological images is tedious work which requires many hours of human labor. This highlights the requirement for an automatic system that accurately measures these features in a few seconds.
A Review on the Evolution of Comprehensive Information for Digital Sliding of Pathology and Medical Image Segmentation
Published in K.C. Santosh, Sameer Antani, D.S. Guru, Nilanjan Dey, Medical Imaging, 2019
Anatomic pathology is a subdivision within the field of pathology that has generally utilized magnifying instruments to analyze the cell and sub-cellular morphology of examples, either as strong tissues or liquids. At the point when a sample is taken from a patient, it is sent to the pathology research facility for examination and conclusion. Research facility staff first outwardly analyzes the specimen without the guide of a magnifying instrument, and this is called net examination, where prepared workforce selects a tiny tissue for examination. The digital slides of each protein tissue are examined under the instrument. After initial examination is finished, the tissue is additionally prepared to supplant water with natural solvents and is then implanted in a piece of paraffin wax. Thin cuts of the tissue are mounted on glass slides, and these slides are taken through a progression of mix stains, every one of which has a penchant for select cell components. In the wake of stain, a drop of optical review mounting paste is put over the tissue taken after by a glass or plastic cover slip, both of which consider a clear investigation of the recolor tissue area while shielding it from harm. Stains do not just enable the pathologist to see the tissue under the magnifying instrument, they also upgrade the location of particular changes in the tissue that happen because of sickness. The most utilized stain is a mix of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) that features miniaturized scale anatomic structures. Hematoxylin is dull purple and has a liking for the nucleic acids exhibited in cell cores, while eosin is red and has a liking for protein introduced in the cytoplasm and extracellular spaces of the tissue (see Figure 9.1).
Diagnostic Error
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Anatomical pathology refers to the examination of tissue, through either cytology (aspirates or fine needle biopsy) or histology (solid tumors, biopsies). While the clinical laboratory has automated processes for testing, tissue samples in anatomical pathology require more specialized processing, and ultimately require visual examination for the detection of abnormalities. Like clinical laboratory tests, anatomical pathology has both pre- and post-analytic phases, but unlike the clinical lab, the analytic phase of tissue examination has more variability and potential for error [81]. The most common source of error in anatomical pathology is from misinterpretation, either from errors in the visual interpretation of findings, or because of inadequate specimen collection or poor specimen preparation. Perception may be affected by fatigue, excessive workload, and ambient light; perceptual errors may also be attributed to the influence of heuristics and cognitive bias [82]. When studies to compare tumors obtain both cytology and histology specimens, there is an overall diagnostic discrepancy rate of 11.8% [83]. Second reviews of pathology specimens reveal an overall error rate of 6.7% across a wide range of tissue types, with one in six of these likely resulting in harm [84]. A review of published error rates on second reviews found a wide variation in error rates depending on the site and tumor type, ranging from a low of 1.3% (prostate) [85] to a high of 60% (thyroid cytology) [86,87]. Significant treatment decisions often depend on surgical or anatomical pathology, so the tolerance for error is especially low. Many recommend a routine mandatory review of all specimens in which cancer is suspected or whenever a major intervention is contemplated based on the result [88].
Indoor air-related symptoms and volatile organic compounds in materials and air in the hospital environment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Paavo Rautiainen, Marko Hyttinen, Joonas Ruokolainen, Pekka Saarinen, Jussi Timonen, Pertti Pasanen
The highest concentrations of VOCs were measured in the pathology wards where the concentration of xylenes was near 3400 µg/m3. Cipolla et al. (2017) also measured xylenes in pathology wards, albeit in clearly lower concentrations than in the present study. Xylenes have been used in the laboratories of anatomical pathology. Because of the hazardous effects of xylene, it has been substituted with less harmful compounds in many hospitals (Kalantari et al. 2016), and it should be replaced with another agent also in the hospital under the study.