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Altitude
Published in David G. Newman, Flying Fast Jets, 2014
A United States Air Force study examined hypoxia incidents occurring between 1976 and 1990. In this time, there were 656 incidents (Island and Fraley, 1993). The vast majority of these incidents occurred in aircrew who had undergone altitude chamber training, and only 4 per cent of these suffered loss of consciousness. In contrast, 94 per cent of individuals who had not had prior altitude exposure training suffered loss of consciousness. Almost all of the aircrew who had received prior altitude training in a hypobaric chamber were able to recognise their own particular signs and symptoms, and thus take appropriate corrective action. This highlights the importance and effectiveness of ground-based altitude and hypoxia awareness training.
Influence of exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure on physiological, perceptual and biomechanical responses to treadmill running
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Chris Chow Li Tee, Mee Chee Chong, Viswanath Sundar, Chuen Leang Chok, Mohd Rizal Md Razali, Wee Kian Yeo, Olivier Girard
Hypoxic exposure (i.e. a reduction in the supply of oxygen to tissues) combined with exercise has traditionally been used to acutely increase the exercise stimulus. Training under hypoxic conditions (i.e. altitude training) is regularly implemented by elite athletes to boost physiological regulatory systems and eventually physical performance (Millet et al., 2010). In recent years, a promising approach to increasing the physiological stimulation of the exercise session, without a corresponding elevation in the mechanical load imposed on the musculoskeletal system, has emerged (Girard et al., 2017, 2020). In clinical settings, chronic (i.e. repeated) exercise with the addition of hypoxia can elicit similar or greater physiological adaptations (i.e. changes in body fat content, triglycerides, fasting insulin and area under the curve for insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test) despite a lower absolute exercise intensity during actual training sessions (Fernández Menéndez et al., 2018; Haufe et al., 2008; Pramsohler et al., 2017). During perceptually regulated interval runs, trained runners adjusted to a slower treadmill speed in hypoxia than in normoxia, and therefore reduced mechanical strain on the locomotor system, while comparable heart rate and muscle oxygenation responses were achieved between conditions (Hobbins et al., 2019).
Altitude training in endurance running: perceptions of elite athletes and support staff
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Gareth Turner, Barry W Fudge, Jamie S M Pringle, Neil S Maxwell, Alan J Richardson
The effects of training at altitude on subsequent exercise performance first became recognised as important at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games (~2,240 m), and has subsequently been researched extensively (Saunders, Garvican-Lewis, Schmidt, & Gore, 2013). Altitude training has become an accepted method of training and is widely endorsed by elite athletes, coaches and sports organisations as an important component of serious training regimes and in preparation for competition, at both altitude itself, and sea-level (Lundby, Millet, Calbet, Bärtsch, & Subudhi, 2012). The theoretical advantage derives from the independent and combined effects of the physiological processes of chronic acclimatisation to hypoxia (lower oxygen availability), and the acute training effects derived from the additional stress imposed by exercising in a hypoxic environment (Rodríguez et al., 2015).