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Production of VNPs, VLPs, and Chimeras
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
This method exploits the plant bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which causes crown-gall disease in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens can invade wounded plant cells and transform the cells resulting in tumor growth. The bacteria contain a tumor-inducing plasmid, the Ti-plasmid. During infection, a segment of the Ti-plasmid is transferred into the plant cell; this segment is referred to as transfer or T-DNA. The T-DNA is incorporated into the plant genome by recombination, resulting in transient expression of the T-DNA genes. The T-DNA is flanked by 25-bp direct repeats, termed the left and right borders, that mediate the recombination event. Transfer of the T-DNA is induced by activation of the so-called virulence (vir) genes on the Ti-plasmid. Phenolic compounds, mainly acetosyringone, that are produced and released from wounded plant cells initiate expression of the vir genes. The T-DNA encodes for growth hormones, which stimulate tumor formation, as well as for unnatural amino acids such as nopaline, mannopine, and octopine, which serve as an energy source for the bacterium. The reader is referred to the following textbooks for more information on the biology of Agrobacterium and its use as an expression system: Molecular Biology of the Cell (Alberts et al., 2008) and Agrobacterium: From Biology to Biotechnology (Tzvi & Vitaly, 2008).
The genetically modified food credibility gap
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
Genetically engineered plants are generated in a laboratory by altering their genetic makeup and are initially tested in the laboratory for desired qualities before undergoing field trials and possible commercialisation. Genetic modification can involve either the insertion or deletion of genes to create a genetically modified organism. When genes are inserted, they usually come from a different species, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer. The techniques used might involve attaching the genes to a virus that penetrate the recipient cell. Additional methods include the physical insertion of extra DNA into the nucleus of the intended host with a very small syringe, using electroporation by introducing DNA from one organism into the cell of another by use of an electric pulse, or with very small particles fired from a particle gun; the biolistic method. Some methods exploit natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genetic material to plants, or the ability of lentiviruses to transfer genes to animal cells. Most GM plants have been generated by the biolistic method or by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (Khan and Liu 2009).
Plant-Based Production of Biosimilar Drug Products
Published in Laszlo Endrenyi, Paul Jules Declerck, Shein-Chung Chow, Biosimilar Drug Product Development, 2017
Kenny K. Y. So, Michael R. Marit, Michael D. McLean, J. Christopher Hall
Recombinant therapeutic proteins can be produced in plants using either a stable transgenic or transient expression system. Both strategies use Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium capable of transferring genetic material to the nuclear genome of the plant hosts it infects (Gelvin, 2003; Smith and Townsend, 1907). A. tumefaciens transfers select genetic material, termed transfer-DNA (T-DNA), into plant cells by functions encoded on its tumor-inducing plasmid (pTi): a 200-kbp plasmid that contains an origin of replication, virulence genes that facilitate transfer of the T-DNA region into the plant genome, and the T-DNA region itself (Gelvin, 2003; Lee and Gelvin, 2008).
Process optimization of a moving bed bioreactor undergoing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification for wastewater in the absence of organic carbon
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Roumi Bhattacharya, Debabrata Mazumder
One important aspect of SND is the buffering action, which maintains almost neutral to slightly alkaline pH within the system without external addition of acid/base. This favours the activity of all concerned microorganism species as they act within a pH range of (7.0–8.6). Pseudomonas sp. is considered as one of the most dominant species of denitrifiers and thus considered as model microorganism for denitrification. DGGE bands show these heterotrophic bacteria, specifically Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium sp., to be responsible for denitrification in MBBR, where organic carbon for denitrification is derived from biodegradable carriers [18]. Certain heterotrophic bacterial species that denitrify in anoxic conditions have been reported to undergo aerobic denitrification under oxygenated environment using both nitrate and oxygen as electron acceptors. Similar reactions are observed to occur by Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum and Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2 that denitrify in the presence of DO. Moreover, Thiosphaera pantotropha and Nitrosomonas-like organisms, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis can nitrify and denitrify simultaneously even under fully aerobic or anoxic conditions [3].
Synthesis of thiazolylidenethiazoloquinazolinone hybrids from monocarbonyl curcumin analogues. Characterization, bio-evaluation and DFT study
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2022
Soufiane Benreka, Fatima-Zohra Zradni, Fatiha Madi, Gilbert Kirsch, Souad Kasmi-Mir
The in vitro antimicrobial screening of all the synthesized hybrids D1-D12 was evaluated against a panel of microorganisms representing three Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli. ATCC 25922, Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 23308) and one strain of fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10231), by the filter paper disc-diffusion method [52,53] using Muller_Hinton agar medium [54] for the bacteria and Sabouraud dextrose agar medium for the fungus [55].
Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal in a single biological aerated filter by the bioaugmentation with heterotrophic-aerobic nitrogen removal bacteria
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Haizhen Wang, Qiang Gao, Shufeng Liu, Qian Chen
The heterotrophic-aerobic nitrogen removal bacteria, named Agrobacterium tumefaciens LAD9 (CGMCC No. 2962), was used in this experiment. It was isolated from the sludge for the treatment of landfill leachate and more details were shown in the previous study [19]. It was fermented with the synthetic mineral medium and freeze-dried into powder for further inoculation.