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Matching vocational training programmes to age-related mental change—a social policy objective
Published in Jan Snel, Roel Cremer, H. C. G. Kemper, E. Zeef, M. J. Schabracq, P. T. Kempe, Work and Aging: A European Perspective, 2020
In many work situations, it is necessary to be attentive to relevant signals (and ignore irrelevant signals) and to make decisions on the preparation of actions. Typical in such situations is that, with increasing complexity of a task, old adults are proportionally more slowed than young adults. For example, it is known that old adults are less accurate and require more processing time than young adults when stimulus–response relations are indirect or not logical (Cremer 1993). Finally, overt behaviour or a motor response is likely to be delayed in old aduits because of general cognitive slowing in the nervous system (Welford 1984). In short, information processing involves sensory stimulation, perceptual coding, memory storage, goal setting, problem solving, preparation of motor actions and the execution of actions. All processes are more or less affected by cognitive aging because of general mental slowing and specific age-related processes. Decomposition of work into broad categories of information processes makes the assessment of mental work abilities more efficient. Subsequently, when age-related limitations in an individual's work ability are known, it is easier to redesign work or compose a vocational training programme. In table 19.2 some basic information processes are summarized and some examples of the process in the work situation are given. Additionally, possible measures are suggested to improve the quality of work when, for example, age-related limitations in specific processes occur.
A Way Forward
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
In particular, the implant for load-bearing applications should possess excellent biocompatibility, superior corrosion resistance in the body environment, an excellent combination of high strength and low modulus (matching with host bone), high fatigue and wear resistance, and osteointegration with tissues. For example, musculoskeletal disorders continue to be the most widespread problem, particularly with an increasing rate of trauma and diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, which most often occur in an aging population. Other major clinical challenges include various cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Hence, in order to have a long-term clinical performance, along with the intent to create bio-interactive devices, there is an immediate need to bring together engineers, biologists, and clinicians to translate newer design strategies and manufacturing approaches to develop patient-specific biomedical implants and devices.
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: An Overview of the Clinical Outcomes and Evidence-Based Archive
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Manjir Sarma Kataki, Ananya Rajkumari, Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
The traditional diet in Okinawa is occupied by root vegetables (principally sweet potatoes), green and yellow vegetables, soybean-based foods, and medicinal plants. Marine foods, lean meats, fruit, medicinal garnishes and spices, tea, and alcohol are also consumed. The healthy fat consumption is one probable mechanism for optimizing cholesterol and decreasing inflammation and other threatening factors. Moreover, the lower caloric concentration of plant-rich diets marks a lower caloric ingestion while simultaneously elevating the consumption of phytonutrients and antioxidants. Some other characteristics comprise low glycemic content, low inflammation and oxidative stress, and probable inflection of aging-related biological pathways. This may perhaps decrease the possibility of chronic age-related diseases and encourage healthy aging and long life (Willcox et al., 2014).
Effects of a resistance-training programme on endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and mitochondrial functions in PBMCs from elderly subjects
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Brisamar Estébanez, Osvaldo C. Moreira, Mar Almar, José A. de Paz, Javier Gonzalez-Gallego, María J. Cuevas
Aging-associated dysfunction in cell ability to handle protein folding, accumulation and aggregation, may be due to a progressive failure of the chaperoning systems (Naidoo, 2014), as well as to a decline in many of UPR components (Chalil, Jaspers, et al., 2015a; Gavilán et al., 2006; Ogborn, McKay, Crane, Parise, & Tarnopolsky, 2014) causing UPR activation cannot rescue the ERS. Moreover, cellular processes deeply linked to aging, such as autophagy or mitophagy (López-Otín et al., 2013), have been related to UPR activation, evidencing a crosstalk between those pathways (Senft & Ronai, 2015). Aging affects negatively the immune system, which increases the susceptibility of elderly subjects to infection, autoimmune disease or cancer (Cao et al., 2017). In this context, UPR has now been recognized for its role in immune cell development, differentiation function and survival, and in regulating immune and inflammatory responses, including those associated with infections, tumours and autoimmune responses (Grootjans, Kaser, Kaufman, & Blumberg, 2016). In fact, PERK directly enhances the cytolytic activity of macrophages, a type of mononuclear cells, and macrophage-mediated clearance of cancer cells while BiP indirectly promotes pro-inflammatory macrophages by shifting tumoral cytokine secretion (Soto-Pantoja et al., 2017). So, an improved understanding of the UPR in immune and inflammatory cells will eventually lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to delay aging.
Place of Death and Dying: Introduction
Published in Journal of Housing For the Elderly, 2018
Benyamin Schwarz, Jacquelyn J. Benson
Of hundreds of known diseases and their predisposing characteristics, some 85 percent of our aging population will succumb to the complications of one of only seven major entities: atherosclerosis, hypertension, adult-onset of diabetes, obesity, mental depressing states such as Alzheimer’s and other dementias, cancer, and decreased resistance to infection. Many of those elderly who die will have several of them. And not only that; the personnel of any large hospital’s intensive care unit can confirm the everyday observation that terminally ill people are not infrequently victims of all seven. These seven make up the posse that hunts down and kills the elderly among us. For the vast majority of those of us who live beyond middle age, they are the horsemen of death. (p. 78)
Acceptance of Virtual Reality Exergames Among Chinese Older Adults
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Wenge Xu, Hai-Ning Liang, Kangyou Yu, Shaoyue Wen, Nilufar Baghaei, Huawei Tu
Maintaining an active lifestyle with regular physical activity is a key component of healthy aging. Regular physical exercise has been shown to positively slow down age-related declines. For instance, Mikus et al. (2012) have shown that being physically more active, like taking more steps, could reduce the development of Type 2 diabetes. Older adults who do physical activities regularly can slow down their physical decline and decondition (Goldspink, 2005; Taylor et al., 2004). Furthermore, older adults who engage in moderate physical activity levels have a reduced risk of falling and lower symptoms of depression and anxiety, and live independently longer (Bherer et al., 2013).