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mcl-PHA
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Camila Utsunomia, Nils Hanik, Manfred Zinn
As mentioned above, PhaCs are capable of polymerizing more than 140 different monomers, demonstrating their broad substrate specificity [1]. Class IV PhaCs, however, have a high substrate specificity toward 3HB [47]. Notably, some bacteria have been reported to synthesize PHA copolymers containing both scl- and mcl-monomers. Class I PhaCs from bacteria, such as C. necator [48], Aeromonas caviae [49], A. hydrophila [50], and Chromobacterium sp. USM2 [51], as well as class II PhaCs from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 (PhaC1) [52] and P. stutzeri (PhaC2) [53], can polymerize scl-co-mcl-PHA copolymers. These polymers have much better material properties and industry-desired characteristics (e.g., flexibility and higher elongation at break) than scl- or mcl-PHA copolymers. However, the polymerization of the secondary monomer unit is less efficient and has a negative impact on PHA productivity. Therefore, much effort was directed to address the activity/substrate-specificity related positions in PhaCs to improve the production of tailor-made PHA, as reviewed by Chek et al. [54]. The generation of a beneficial mutant PhaC from A. caviae resulted in a recombinant strain used for the industrial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) by KANEKA Co. Ltd., Japan. However, without genetically modifying PhaC1 and PhaC2 from Rhodococcus aetherivorans I24, a polymer with 30 mol-% 3HHx was accumulated to up to 66% of its cell dry mass. This was realized by optimizing the upstream metabolic process in C. necator expressing the enoyl-CoA hydratase gene (phaJ) from P. aeruginosa and changing the activity of AcacCoA reductase (phaB) [55]. In its first report, however, R. aetherivorans I24 was found to accumulate only low amounts (18% of its cell dry mass) of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) from toluene [56].
Heavy metal remediation and resistance mechanism of Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Ali Fakhar, Bushra Gul, Ali Raza Gurmani, Shah Masaud Khan, Shafaqat Ali, Tariq Sultan, Hassan Javed Chaudhary, Mazhar Rafique, Muhammad Rizwan
Changes in the identification criteria for new species and reclassification of known species have made Aeromonas taxonomy complex and more controversial then others (Silva et al., 2017). Therefore, many changes in the taxonomy and nomenclature of genus Aeromonas have occurred through the past 15 years. According to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, genus Aeromonas can be divided into mesophilic motile species (Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii) and psychrophilic non-motile species (A. salmonicida subsp. Smithia, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida) (Fečkaninová et al., 2017).