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Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Carrol S. Weil, Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists, 1988
The ultimate empirical answer to the question of whether or not there are thresholds for carcinogens and mutagens in multicellular organisms would be a massive study with sufficient animals to allow for establishing a dose response curve across the broad dose range. Such a study is both logistically and economically unfeasible, but NCTR conducted a “megamouse” study which was designed to go part way towards this goal. In the ED01 study, 24,192 BALB/c female mice were fed 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), a carcinogen which results in tumors in two different organs (bladder and liver) by unrelated mechanisms. The spontaneous incidence rates for either of these two tumors in any one BALB/c female control was below 0.1% (Cairns, 1980). The entire study was initially reported as a complete issue of a journal (Staffa and Mehlman, 1980).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
2-Acetylaminofluorene is frequently used in the laboratory by biochemists and technicians as a positive control in the study of liver enzymes and the carcinogenicity and muta-genicity of aromatic amines. Exposure to 2-acetylaminofluorene may occur via inhalation or dermal contact in laboratories where it is being used in the study of carcinogenesis. Occupations at greatest risk of exposure are organic chemists, chemical stockroom workers, and biomedical researchers.
Genetic toxicity assessment using liver cell models: past, present, and future
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Xiaoqing Guo, Ji-Eun Seo, Xilin Li, Nan Mei
The in vivo UDS assay was frequently used in the 1980s for assessing the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. The UDS assay demonstrated significant positive responses in hepatocytes from rats dosed by gavage or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with various hepatocarcinogens including dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), azoxymethane, 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH), benzidine, AFB1, 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4-DAT, 2-nitropropane (2-NP), and N-nitrosomorpholine, as well as the rat brain carcinogen MMS and the rat pancreatic carcinogen azaserine (Andrae et al. 1988; Ashby and Lefevre 1989; Mirsalis, Tyson, and Butterworth 1982). Nasal administration of DMNA at concentrations of 500 or 1,000 ppm in air to male F344 rats induced a marked DNA-repair response in hepatocytes (Doolittle et al. 1984). However, carcinogens B[a]P, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and safrole failed to induce UDS in rat hepatocytes cultured at 2, 12, 24, or 48 hr time points following a single administration (Mirsalis, Tyson, and Butterworth 1982).