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Herbal Supplements and Health
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Himangini Bansal, Sakshi Bajaj
Ephedra (Ephedra sinica), also called Ma-Huang, is a natural stimulant medication made out of two active components (pseudoephedrine and ephedrine) that are present in numerous over-the-counter items. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic agent that has boundless uses as an adrenergic stimulant. It originates from plants of the class Ephedra sp., being an alkaloid for the most part present in the specie Ephedra sinica. Ephedrine can be synthesized in the industry as a result of biotransformation or by extraction of the plant. Different subordinates of ephedrine can likewise be found in Ephedra, for example, pseudoephedrine that additionally has adrenergic properties. The most pure form of ephedrine is used for the remedial reason, basically as a bronchodilator and decongestant. Its pharmacological properties are associated with its adrenergic action, which thus happens because of its stimulating action on α-, β1-, and β2-adrenergic receptors via direct and indirect outcomes. These days, there is a worry about the aimless utilization of ephedrine, since it began to be utilized for weight reduction and improve athletic performance. Related with this propensity, an enormous number of side effects related with cardiovascular issues began to be accounted for (Limberger et al., 2013).
Attenuation of stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity following high-intensity interval exercise in untrained males
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Nor MF Farah, Amerull Daneal Amran, Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed
While it was beyond our scope to examine the underlying haemodynamic mechanisms that accounts for the attenuated reactivity response, some studies have attempted to examine the potential mechanisms. Since BP is the function of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, the changes in BP response could be explained by changes to either the neural (autonomic nervous system) or peripheral (vascular) mechanisms (Halliwill, 2001). Brownley et al. (2003) demonstrated a diminished sympathetic neural activity, evidenced by reduced norepinephrine responses following an acute bout of exercise, supporting the neural mechanism theory. Similar studies also corroborated this hypothesis by reporting negative inotropic sympathetic effects i.e., lower stroke volume and cardiac output responses (Neves et al., 2012). Other studies have also shown enhanced postexercise vagal reactivation, favouring a lower stress-induced BP reactivity with acute exercise (Cunha et al., 2015; Gauche et al., 2017; Michael et al., 2017). On the other hand, enhanced vasodilator response mediated by β2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness and increased nitric oxide release have been associated with vascular mechanisms responsible for the blunted BP reactivity following acute exercise (Brownley et al., 2003; Campbell et al., 2011).
Overreaching and overtraining in strength sports and resistance training: A scoping review
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Lee Bell, Alan Ruddock, Thomas Maden-Wilkinson, David. Rogerson
High-power RT OR led to a reduction in mean squat velocity and a concurrent increase in the ratio between serum epinephrine/β2-adrenergic receptor expression (β2-AR), without a reduction in maximal strength in both a multi-ingredient supplementation group and control (Sterczala et al., 2017). Whilst these results further illustrate the attenuation in force and velocity prior to maximal strength decay during periods of intensified RT, it is worth noting that maximal strength did begin to plateau, and further stressful RT could have resulted in NFOR. The group receiving supplementation demonstrated a smaller decrease in β2-AR expression and a lower epinephrine/β2-AR ratio, suggesting the recovery drink reduced the detrimental effects of OR on sympathetic activity, however, had no effect on performance outcome compared to placebo. Interestingly, the authors of this study referred to the 1-wk training phase as an “overtraining” phase; however, no incidence of OTS occurred, although some participants were overreached based on time-course to recovery. An exploration into differences between high-power OR and high intensity/volume OR may provide further understanding in this area.
Recognition of the prioritized types and individual of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the drinking water of Shanghai and a health risk assessment
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Guoqiang Gu, Haowen Yin, Qing Zhu, Lu Shen, Kun Zhang, Min Liu, Qiang Wu
PPCPs of the same type can have similar functional mechanisms and effects on human health. For instance, β-blockers are a common type of pharmaceutical treatment of hypertension. The agonism mechanism of β-blockers consists of peripheral vasodilator activity mediated by the α1-adrenoceptor blockade β2-adrenergic receptor, which is independent of the adrenoceptor blockade. This category includes many drugs, such as atenolol, propranolol, and metoprolol. Priorities of PPCPs were only assigned to individual PPCPs by the investigation of PPCPs one by one (Daneshvar et al. 2012; Lin et al. 2016). It could not investigate all PPCPs, as prioritization of the contributions of the PPCPs to drinking water pollution for the purpose of screening and monitoring would have been time-consuming and difficult. Therefore, we prioritized groups of PPCPs.