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Energy Harvesting Techniques for Future IoT Applications
Published in Indu Bala, Kiran Ahuja, Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT) for a Hyper-Connected Smart World, 2023
N. Vithyalakshmi, G. S. Vinoth, H. D. Praveena, P. Avirajamanjula
Due to the rapid growth of the automobile industry, the vehicle running on the roads are increasing day by day. And the numbers of accidents also increase multifold. One among the reasons for road accidents is due to the inflation or burst of tires. Tire burst is a primary botheration for drivers, as it is difficult to predict. The main cause is due to irregular tire pressure and high tire temperature. Inflation pressure is one huge factor that determines performance, impacts tire’s speed, and load capacity, cornering power, life service, handling response and overall its protection. Low inflation causes an increase in fuel consumption and sustained will cause structural impairment. TPMS installed in vehicles will measure the inflated tire pressure or change in the tire pressure for a period of time and transmits respective information to the driver when the vehicle is moving. Thus, accidents can be avoided if tire pressure is monitored frequently while driving. Also, TPMS will require changing or maintaining sensors owing to damage or battery fault. Hence to provide less monitoring and battery free sensor application growing interest is shown to use power harvesting techniques to energize TPMS as presented in Figure 10.22.
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems: A Case Study in Automotive Mechatronics
Published in Satya Bir Singh, Prabhat Ranjan, A. K. Haghi, Applied Mechatronics and Mechanics, 2020
The contact patch of tire increases due to under-inflated tires, so the effective radius of tire reduces. This way mileage and fuel economy of the vehicle may also get affected. For example, tires that have 6psi lower than the recommended pressure can cause a 5% decrease in fuel economy. That is if any vehicle has a mileage of 20 km per liter then due to under-inflation of 6 psi causes 19 km per liter. In the long term, it is a significant loss to the economy. Not only mileage and fuel economy are affected due to under-inflation of tires but also tires wear very fast closer to sides. The tire expert Rastetter estimated that the tire wears out 25% faster if the pressure is 6 psi below the specification [1]. It is still a challenge to save this loss in terms of tire wear and fuel economy. This loss is primarily due to the lack of monitoring of the tire pressure. TPMS (tire pressure maintenance system) is the best technological option that alerts the possibility of underinflated tires to the driver. Tires typically lose about one psi of pressure each month. This depends on environmental conditions as well. The seasonal changes and driving patterns also may play a role.
Chassis systems
Published in Tom Denton, Automobile Mechanical and Electrical Systems, 2018
A tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is a safety feature that continually monitors a vehicles’ tyres and alerts the driver to changes in tyre pressure. The changes in pressure can be detected by either direct or indirect means. Both methods will, as a minimum, illuminate a warning light on the vehicle dashboard display and sound an audible alert when 25% deflation has occurred. Early TPMS were introduced as an option on high-end luxury vehicles as early as the 1980s, although it wasn’t until the year 2000 that it was first fitted as a standard feature.
Robust estimation method of tire torsional resonance frequency to detect decrease in tire inflation pressure
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2022
TPMS is classified into two types, direct TPMS and indirect TPMS. Direct TPMS measures pressure directly by attaching a sensor within a tire. When the measured pressure is below the threshold value, direct TPMS warns the driver. On the other hand, for vehicles equipped with an Anti-lock Brake System (ABS), indirect TPMS do not require air pressure sensors. In order to determine whether the tire pressure is low, indirect TPMS uses two methods, rotational radius analysis and torsional frequency analysis, with the signals measured from four wheel speed sensors in the ABS.