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The Thoracolumbar Spine and Pelvis
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Melanie Franklyn, Brian D. Stemper
Chance fractures were first described by the British radiologist George Quentin Chance in 1948 in relation to the spinous process fracture caused by load on lumbar spine when landing upright from a fall (Chance 1948). A similar type of fracture was later identified from automotive crashes, where it was described as a ‘splitting apart’ fracture of the vertebral body due to the lap belt acting as a fulcrum, splitting the vertebral body into two parts (Howland et al. 1965). These flexion–distraction-type fractures were soon known as ‘ “seat-belt fractures,” “seat-belt injuries” or “seat-belt syndrome” ’ as the two-point belt became the most common cause of this injury after these restraints were introduced in passenger vehicles: occupants in frontal crashes would flex forward, causing the posterior elements of the vertebrae to separate, particularly if the belt was not correctly worn over the pelvis.
Types and site distributions of intestinal injuries in seat belt syndrome
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Yuta Yamamoto, Yusuke Miyagawa, Masato Kitazawa, Shugo Takahata, Seigo Aoyagi, Nao Hondo, Makoto Koyama, Satoshi Nakamura, Shigeo Tokumaru, Futoshi Muranaka, Yuji Soejima
“Seat belt syndrome” was first described by Garrett and Braunstein (1962) and is defined as a group of hollow viscus and lumbar spine injuries that are associated with the use of seat belt restraints. In Canada, while a mandatory seat belt law has reduced the occurrence of fatal injuries, such as critical head and facial injuries and severe blunt abdominal trauma (BAT), the occurrence of intestinal injuries due to seat belt syndrome has increased (Denis et al. 1983). In Japan, the Road Traffic Law was passed in 1971 and requires drivers and passengers to wear seatbelts; additionally, in 1975, it was stipulated that driver and passenger seats must be equipped with a three-point belt system. Furthermore, a law in 2008 now mandates passengers in the rear seats to wear seat belts, and a law in 2012 requires rear seats to be equipped with a three-point belt.
A study of thoracoabdominal injury of immature pigs restrained by various belts in front crashes
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2019
Qiaolin Wang, Hongyi Xiang, Sishu Guan, Zhikang Liao, Xiyan Zhu, Zhiyong Yin, Hui Zhao
For the paediatric, in general, the bones are relatively soft and flexible, becoming progressively more ossified and stiffer during development, and, the relative sizes of the thoracic and abdominal organs, in addition, also change during development [26]. Some important organs located in the thorax and abdomen, which play key roles in maintaining vital and physical functions. The material property of the paediatric organs may be distinct from the adult owing to the difference in the water content [33]. The discrepancies may contribute to some characteristic patterns for the paediatric thoracoabdominal injuries. Children are at risk of seat-belt syndrome, and the smaller pelvis of younger children likely places them at higher risk than older children. The injuries have led to a significant health care costs and extended hospitalisation [9,12]. It was concluded that a combination of increased attention to age-appropriate restraint use and seating position have reduced the child mortality and morbidity [34–37]. In the present study, the immature pigs with a growth time of 70–80 days, approximately 6 years old children [13], were used to perform the investigation on the thoracoabdominal injuries resulted from the restraints of the belt to contribute to the strategies to mitigate the paediatric injuries.