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Transportation infrastructure
Published in Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood, Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults, 2019
Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood
Other automated systems might be more difficult for older drivers to use. “Lane-keeping assist” automation actively steers the vehicle back toward the center of the lane. In some models this results in a distracting “ping-pong” effect as the car moves back and forth between the lane lines. The newer “lane centering” technologies steer more smoothly to keep the vehicle in the center of the lane. These systems also depend partly on the clarity of the road lane markings. The intermittent nature of current lane-keeping systems might make them confusing to older drivers. Another type of system that might be confusing to older drivers is that designed to allow limited self-driving, though without lane changes (e.g., “Volvo Pilot Assist,” “Cadillac Super Cruise”). These systems brake and steer automatically but stop working if the driver is judged by the automation not to be sufficiently engaged in driving (hands not on the wheel or eyes not on the road). Some of these systems will coast to a stop and activate flashers if the driver is judged not to be alert and responsive. These systems could be confusing because they depend on road type, ambient traffic, and lane line clarity. The intermittent availability (indicated by changing icons on the dashboard) could be distracting in some systems as the driver must notice the disengagement and then reengage the system after it turns itself off. A few high-profile crashes have occurred when the lane-centering systems were confused when a road divided or lane lines were not clear and the driver was not monitoring the steering.
Speeding behavior while using adaptive cruise control and lane centering in free flow traffic
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Samuel S. Monfort, Ian J. Reagan, Jessica B. Cicchino, Wen Hu, Pnina Gershon, Bruce Mehler, Bryan Reimer
Of interest to the current study, cruise control allows the user to set a speed that exceeds the legal limit. Cruise control maintains a speed selected by the driver; adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a more advanced variant that adjusts vehicle speed to match pace with a leading vehicle. In both cases, a task that was once controlled manually by the driver becomes automated. There is some evidence to suggest that drivers may drive faster when they have access to ACC (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1998), but the extent to which they exceed the speed limit with this system engaged is unknown. The current study was conducted to quantify driver speeding behaviors while using ACC and a more advanced variant with added lane centering. Lane centering automates the steering process by keeping the vehicle centered in the lane.
Expansion of NASS/CDS for characterizing run-off-road crashes
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Luke E. Riexinger, Hampton C. Gabler
Run-off-road (ROR) crashes account for one-third of all annual crash fatalities in the US (Kusano and Gabler 2014). There are two main types of countermeasures which can reduce injuries during ROR crashes: vehicle-based and infrastructure-based countermeasures. Vehicle-based road departure countermeasures include lane departure warning (LDW) and lane departure prevention (LDP) systems (Riexinger et al. 2019). LDW systems deliver a warning to the driver when the vehicle unintentionally leaves its lane. These systems require the driver to perform a corrective maneuver to return to the lane. In contrast, LDP systems attempt to steer the vehicle back into the lane without driver input. Some more advanced systems can perform lane keeping or even lane centering which would provide steering to prevent the vehicle from departing the lane. However, even with the most advanced vehicle-based countermeasures, not all road departure crashes will be prevented (Riexinger and Gabler 2019). Therefore, infrastructure-based countermeasures will continue to be a necessary component of roadside safety. Infrastructure-based countermeasures, such as guardrails, concrete barriers, and cable barriers, are designed to shield vehicles from more dangerous roadside hazards, e.g., embankments and trees, and redirect the vehicle back onto the roadway. Other infrastructure-based countermeasures, such as breakaway poles and break away signs, can also protect vehicle occupants in the event of an impact.