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Luminescent Nanomaterials: A Step Towards Solid-State Lighting and Display
Published in Odireleng Martin Ntwaeaborwa, Luminescent Nanomaterials, 2022
Mohan Lal Meena, Sudipta Som, Chung-Hsin Lu, Somrita Dutta, Rajan Kumar Singh, Shawn D. Lin
Solid-state lighting technology in recent years is piercing profoundly into several emergent machinery sectors including indoor/outdoor and automotive lighting, medical applications and daily products. The modern encroachment of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grabs the lighting industry as an alternative to the solution for a superior lighting system. LEDs are two-lead semiconductor light sources. As a sufficient voltage is applied to the device, the electron can recombine with holes and release energy in the form of light. Red and green LEDs were first developed in early years, and later on LEDs of low wavelength emanated into market. However, the recent trend clasps the production of white light from the LEDs. The white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) are now recognized as the next generation lighting devices and superior lighting technology compared to traditional incandescent and fluorescent lamps because of their inherent advantageous such as energy-saving, robust/tough devices, long-lifetime in use and environment-friendly features [1–4].
The Sealed Beam Case: Engineering in the Public and Private Interest
Published in Michael Davis, Engineering Ethics, 2017
Val J. Roper was leading a team of applied research engineers at General Electric Company's Automotive Lighting Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. By 1937, he was among the most experienced headlamp designers in the industry. General Electric was providing, through licensing agreements, the majority of special lamps that fit in the old-style headlamp units. The Incandescent Lamp Department in which Roper worked was a major section of GE's enterprise and one of the few departments that showed a profit, albeit marginal, all through the depression years. Headlights were very good business, and GE accordingly had invested in good laboratory facilities, up-to-date test cars, and adequate staffing to support Roper's research. The investment in his work was about to pay off.
New High-Heat Polycarbonates: Structure, Properties, and Applications
Published in Robert R. Luise, of High Temperature Polymers, 1997
Winfried G. Paul, Peter N. Bier
Automotive lighting parts are also targeted for mid-term service life, with applications including lenses and reflectors. The standard thermoplastic lens materials in this field, polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate, very often cannot stand up to the peak temperatures generated by newly designed aerodynamic headlamps or stylish taillamp assemblies, given the growing demands on light output. The optical properties of automotive lens materials must meet the stringent requirements of the transport authorities, such as the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) in the U.S., or the European Community (ECE) standards.
Future of photovoltaic materials with emphasis on resource availability, economic geology, criticality, and market size/growth
Published in CIM Journal, 2023
G. J. Simandl, S. Paradis, L. Simandl
Arsenic is a metalloid, with atomic number 33 and an atomic weight of 74.9216. It belongs to group 15 of the periodic table and exists in a variety of inorganic and organic forms (Sattar et al., 2016). It is a hazardous metalloid, with associated toxicity and carcinogenicity concerns (Costa, 2019; Mandal & Suzuki, 2002; Sodhi, Kumar, Agrawal, & Singh, 2019). Occupational safety and health aspects related to As are covered by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2022a). High-purity As metal is used as GaAs in PV cells, cellular handsets, and LED (light-emitting diode) bulbs. It is used in automotive lighting and projectile hardening, among other applications. Arsenic is essential in military, space, and telecommunications domains (George, 2021a). In some countries, As is still used in wood preservatives; this may account for a significant proportion of the global tonnage (~32,000 t; Table 1). Silicon and CdTe are the main potential substitutes for GaAs in solar-cell applications.
Discomfort Glare from a Cyclic Source in Outdoor Lighting Conditions
Published in LEUKOS, 2022
Joffrey Girard, Céline Villa, Roland Brémond
The case of automotive lighting was also considered (with two cars crossing each other). An “observer vehicle” was simulated, driving at a constant speed and crossing a succession of “oncoming vehicles,” also driving at (another) constant speed. The inter-distance between two consecutive oncoming vehicles was constant, computed from the safety distance of 2 s between two consecutive vehicles (DOT 2003). The crossover frequency between the observer vehicle and the closest oncoming vehicle was computed as a function of the driving speeds. For instance, an observer vehicle driving at 90 km/h and passing a succession of oncoming vehicles with speeds between 10 and 130 km/h leads to temporal frequencies of the light source factors between 0.80 and 2.91 Hz. For this scenario, our calculations were based on headlamp data provided in the report CIE-188 (CIE 2010).
Discomfort Glare from Several Sources: A Formula for Outdoor Lighting
Published in LEUKOS, 2021
Joffrey Girard, Céline Villa, Roland Brémond
In outdoor lighting, the situation is somehow different. There is a large number of similar light sources, all with a small apparent size, including alignments of luminaires and vehicle headlamps. Several-specific models have been proposed. The Glare Control Mark (GCM), recommended by CIE for road lighting (CIE 1976; de Boer and Schreuder 1967) is the only model established directly from multi-source data. The GCM selects specific angles (80° and 88°) as features which are supposed to sum up the complete photometry of the luminaires. However, these two sample angles are not representative of all luminaires. For instance, some luminaires send no light at all at 88°: in this case, the GCM computation does not make any sense. Moreover, the GCM model cannot apply to automotive lighting.