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Extraterrestrial Drilling and Excavation
Published in Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Kris Zacny, Advances in Extraterrestrial Drilling, 2020
Kris Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Phil Chu, Boleslaw Mellerowicz, Stephen Indyk, Justin Spring, Alex Wang, Grayson Adams, Leslie Alarid, Colin Andrew, Jameil Bailey, Ron Bergman, Dean Bergman, Jocelyn Bergman, Phil Beard, Andrew Bocklund, Natasha Bouey, Ben Bradley, Michael Buchbinder, Kathryn Bywaters, Lee Carlson, Conner Castle, Mark Chapman, Colin Chen, Paul Chow, Evan Cloninger, Patrick Corrigan, Tighe Costa, Paul Creekmore, Kiel Davis, Stella Dearing, Jack Emery, Zak Fitzgerald, Steve Ford, Sam Goldman, Barry Goldstein, Stephen Gorevan, Amelia Grossman, Ashley Hames, Nathan Heidt, Ron Hayes, Matt Heltsley, Jason Herman, Joe Hernandez, Greg Hix, Will Hovik, Robert Huddleston, Kevin Humphrey, Anchal Jain, Nathan Jensen, Marnie Johnson, Helen Jung, Robert Kancans, Cecily Keim, Sarineh Keshish, Michael Killian, Caitlin King, Isabel King, Daniel Kim, Emily Kolenbrander, Sherman Lam, Andrea Lamore, Caleb Lang, Joseph Lee, Carolyn Lee, John Lorbiecki, Kathryn Luczek, Jacob Madden, Jessica Maddin, Tibor Makai, Mike Maksymuk, Zach Mank, Richard Margulieux, Sara Martinez, Yuka Matsuyama, Andrew Maurer, Molly McCormick, Jerry Moreland, Phil Morrison, Erik Mumm, Adoni Netter, Jeff Neumeister, Tim Newbold, Joey Niehay, Phil Ng, Peter Ngo, Huey Nguyen, Tom O’Bannon, Sean O’Brien, Joey Palmowski, Aayush Parekh, Andrew Peekema, Fredrik Rehnmark, Hunter Rideout, Albert Ridilla, Alexandra Rzepiejewska, Dara Sabahi, Yoni Saltzman, Luke Sanasarian, Vishnu Sanigepalli, Emily Seto, Jeff Shasho, Sase Singh, David Smyth, Nancy Sohm, Jesus Sosa, Joey Sparta, Leo Stolov, Marta Stone, Andrew Tallaksen, Miranda Tanouye, Lisa Thomas, Thomas Thomas, Luke Thompson, Mary Tirrell, Nick Traeden, Ethan Tram, Sarah Tye, Crystal Ulloa, Dylan Van-Dyne, Robert Van Ness, Vincent Vendiola, Brian Vogel, Lillian Ware, Bobby Wei, Hunter Williams, Jack Wilson, Brian Yaggi, Bernice Yen, Sean Yoon, Ben Younes, David Yu, Michael Yu, Mike Zasadzien, Raymond Zheng, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Mircea Badescu, Xiaoqi Bao, Tom Cwik, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, Jeffery Hall, Kevin Hand, Ben Hockman, Samuel M. Howell, Troy Lee Hudson, Shannon Jackson, Hyeong Jae Lee, Michael Malaska, Brandon Metz, Scott Moreland, Avi Okon, Tyler Okamoto, Dario Riccobono, Kris Sherrill, Stewart Sherrit, Miles Smith, Jurgen Mueller, Wayne Zimmerman, Michael Amato, Melissa Trainer, Don Wegel, Andrej Grubisic, Walter F. Smith, Ralph Lorenz, Elizabeth Turtle, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Takashi Kubota, Masaki Fujimoto, Pietro Baglioni, Stephen Durrant, Richard Fisackerly, Roland Trautner, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Karol Seweryn, Akihiro Fujiwara, Taro Nakamura, Matthias Grott, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Bartosz Kędziora, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Tomasz Kuciński, Gordon Wasilewski, Seiichi Nagihara, Rohit Bhartia, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney, Andrea Rusconi, Christian Panza, Marco Peruzzotti, Pablo Sobron, Ryan Timoney, Kevin Worrall, Patrick Harkness, Naohiro Uyama, Hiroshi Kanamori, Shigeru Aoki, Dale Winebrenner, Yasuyuki Yamada, Tilman Spohn, Christian Krause, Torben Wippermann, Roy Lichtenheldt
Table 1.9 shows a list of past Venus landers. The longest surface survival time was just over 2 hr, and the most recent mission to touch the surface of Venus was launched in 1984. The most successful Venus missions were in the Soviet Venera program. For example, Venera 13 launched in 1981 was a soft lander that survived at least 127 min on the Venusian surface. The exact time is not known since the 127 min is actually the time the relay spacecraft was in view of the lander. The lander was equipped with a 26-kg drill for acquisition of samples for XRF analysis.
Extraterrestrial rock mechanics and rock engineering
Published in Ömer Aydan, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019
Surface observations of Venus have been difficult in the past, due to its extremely dense atmosphere, which is composed primarily of carbon dioxide with a small amount of nitrogen. The first attempts to explore Venus were carried out by the Soviets in the 1960s through the Venera Program. Venera lander missions took place until the early 1980s. Venera 13 and Venera 14 landed on the planet and sent the first color photographs of the surface. Venera 15 and Venera 16 conducted mapping of the Venusian terrain with synthetic aperture radar.
Hothouse Venus
Published in Thomas Hockey, Jennifer Lynn Bartlett, Daniel C. Boice, Solar System, 2021
Thomas Hockey, Jennifer Lynn Bartlett, Daniel C. Boice
Radar, however, is not the only tool revealing what lies beneath the venusian cloud cover. As they entered the space age, the USSR and US began sending spacecraft to explore this alien environment. The USSR launched the Venera series of 16 missions between 1961 and 1983, which provided detailed information about the planet, including the only landers so far. The US sent the Mariner series of ten missions between 1962 and 1973, which included three successful Venus flybys (Figure 6.8).
Plasma Waves Around Venus and Mars
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2021
The missions to Venus started in 1961 with the launch of Venera-1 by the USSR which failed near Earth’s orbit. Mariner-2 from the USA made a successful Venus flyby in 1962 with a nearest approach of just less than 35,000 km. In 1967, Venera-4 probe from the USSR became the first object to land on a planet from Earth. Mariner-5 made a successful flyby of Venus with a nearest approach of just above 4000 km. Venera-7 lander from the USSR in 1970 became the first spacecraft to land on a planet and send back its surface temperature ∼ 475o C. But it was not until 1974 when NASA’s Mariner-10 made plasma measurements in Venus ionosphere during its flyby. Venera 11 / 12 in 1978 from USSR carried magnetometers to measure the background magnetic field in and around the ionosphere of Venus.