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Satellites
Published in Mohammad Razani, Information, Communication, and Space Technology, 2017
GOES-8 was the first weather satellite using the three-axis stabilization (Figure 4.16) that resulted in noticeable improvement in gathering weather imagery and atmosphere data. The most recent GOES satellites use GPS for search and rescue operations. In 1969, the French national space agency, Centre National d-Etudes Spatiales (CNES) proposed the European meteorological satellite system, Meteosat (Figure 4.17). On November 23, 1977, Meteosat-1 was launched which was followed by the launch of Meteosat-2 in 1981. EUMETSAT, Europe’s meteorological satellite organization, which is an intergovernmental organization, was created through an international convention agreed to by 17 European member states in 1986. EUMETSAT and ESA have been cooperating on the production of a significantly improved system. Figure 4.18 shows the Meteosat first-generation and second-generation satellite characteristics that demonstrate the improvements made. 1997 marked the launch of the Meteosat-7, the last of the first-generation weather satellites developed by ESA. The operation of the Meteosat satellites was formally handed over from ESA to EUMETSAT in 1995. The main services initially provided by Meteosat’s first-generation satellite have been replaced by the improved Meteosat second-generation (MSG), with two currently in orbit, Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9, and two more satellites planned for 2021. The Meteosat program is set to continue with MGS-3, which will be launched in mid-2012 on an Ariane-5, followed by MSG-4 in 2014.
Satellites
Published in Mohammad Razani, Commercial Space Technologies and Applications, 2018
Figure 3.40 shows the Meteosat first-generation and second-generation satellite characteristics that demonstrate the improvements made. The year 1997 marked the launch of the Meteosat-7, the last of the first-generation weather satellites developed by ESA. The operation of the Meteosat satellites was formally handed over from ESA to EUMETSAT in 1995. The main services initially provided by Meteosat’s first-generation satellite have been replaced by the improved Meteosat second-generation (MSG), with two currently in orbit, Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9, and two more satellites planned for 2021. The Meteosat program is set to continue with MGS-3, which will be launched in mid-2012 on an Ariane-5, followed by MSG-4 in 2014.
Standards organisations and associated bodies
Published in Geoff Lewis, Communications Technology Handbook, 2013
EUMETSAT is an independent, inter-governmental organisation that was established by agreement with most European countries in 1986. Its aim is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological satellites. A prime task is to ensure the continuation of Meteosat, the European meteorological satellite system developed by ESA in 1977. The Meteosat series of satellites is operated for EUMETSAT by the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), an ESA establishment.
Remote sensing of earth’s energy budget: synthesis and review
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Shunlin Liang, Dongdong Wang, Tao He, Yunyue Yu
The satellite OLR products are usually generated from broadband sensors (e.g. CERES), but multispectral data also have been used for generating the OLR products (see Table 3). Radiance of an atmospheric window band is sensitive to the thermal emission from the climate system. A well-known method is the use of a single infrared (IR) window band centered at 12.0 μm. Schmetz and Liu (1988) included a water vapor band (e.g. 6.7 μm) aboard the geostationary satellite Meteosat 2 to consider the effect of water vapor in the troposphere. Inoue and Ackerman (2002) used AVHRR two adjacent window bands (e.g. 10.8 and 12.0 μm) to achieve better accuracy over regions with low-level clouds or no clouds. Park et al. (2015) used three channels (6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm) from the first Korean geostationary satellite – Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS). Kim et al. (2018) estimated OLR from one window channel (12.4 μm) and two channels (6.2 and 12.4 μm) from Himawari-8 AHI data with good agreement with the CERES OLR product. Zhou et al. developed the direct estimation method to derive the narrowband to broadband regression coefficients at the detailed viewing zenith angle intervals to estimate OLR directly from MODIS (Zhou et al., “Estimating High Spatial Resolution,” 2019) and AVHRR (Zhou et al., “Generating 35-Year High-Resolution,” 2019) multispectral thermal data.
An image processing approach for intensity detection of tropical cyclone using feature vector analysis
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2018
Chinmoy Kar, Sreeparna Banerjee
In this paper, approximately 150 6-hourly IR images of 12 cyclones of last 5 years (2012) over BOB (mentioned in Table 2) were considered. These images are from the Meteorological satellite (Meteosat-7) of channel 10.5 μm and collected from Space Science and Engineering Center, Tropical Cyclone Image Gallery, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (2017) (see Figure 1). Further to increase the number of dataset we have introduce 72 TC images which are the product of INSAT 3D satellite of channel 3.9 μm, collected from the archive of National Satellite Meteorological Center (2018), Indian Meteorological Department. The original size of received images from Metosat-7 are 1128 × 680 pixels whereas images received form INSAT 3D are 1505 × 1967 in size. Here all images are regular in nature. The following table shows list of cyclones observed in last few years over BOB.
Construction of functional data analysis modeling strategy for global solar radiation prediction: application of cross-station paradigm
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2019
Ufuk Beyaztas, Sinan Q. Salih, Kwok-Wing Chau, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Different methods and measurements have been employed in the various parts of the world to measure global solar radiation. These techniques required consistent measurements using meteorological measuring instruments including satellite remote sensing and Eppley pyranometer instruments such as Meteosat-images and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. Because of the maintenance, cost and skill required in producing satellite-derived data and ground measurements, especially in developing and rural nations, several prediction models have been postulated to generate global solar radiation data that do not require a high initial outlay for the instrumental network (Sunday, Agbasi, & Samuel, 2016; Sunday, Samuel, Agbasi, & Sylvia, 2016).