China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Airlines
Published in Milan Janić, System Analysis and Modelling in Air Transport, 2021
As mentioned above, in terms of their length, routes, flights, and the aircraft operating them are generally classified as short-, medium-, and long-haul. For example, in Europe, Eurocontrol defines the medium-haul routes of length from 1500–4000 km (930–2490 mi; 810–2160 nmi), the short-haul as shorter and the long-haul routes as longer than that. The U.S. American Airlines define the short-/medium-haul routes of length less than 4800 km 3000 mi (3000 mi; 2600 nm) and the long-haul as longer than that. The United Airlines defines the short-haul routes and corresponding flights of length less than 1100 km (700 mi; 610 nm), and the long-haul flights routes as longer than 4,800 km (3000 mi; 2,600 nm) (1 mi = 1.609 km; 1 nm = 1.852 km). As far as the aircraft types are concerned, the U.S. Delta Airlines defines Boeing 717, MD-88 and MD-90 as the short-haul domestic aircraft, Boeing 757, 737, Airbus A319, A321 as the long-haul domestic and Boeing 777, 767, 747, Airbus A330 and Boeing 757 as the long-haul. Lufthansa considers its wide-body aircraft Airbus A330/A340, A350, A380, and Boeing B747 as the long-haul, the narrow-body aircraft A320 and B737 as the medium-haul, and the regional jets Embraer E-Jets and Bombardier CRJ-900 as the short-haul aircraft (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_length/).
Impact of biometric and anthropometric characteristics of passengers on aircraft safety and performance
Published in Transport Reviews, 2018
Damien J. Melis, Jose M. Silva, Richard C.K. Yeun
Cabin facilities and the environment have a major part in determining passenger comfort. Literature shows passengers experience comfort through anthropometric, physiological and psychological elements from their past flight experience (Ahmadpour, Lindgaard, Robert, & Pownall, 2014; Kremser, Guenzkofer, Sedlmeier, Sabbah, & Bengler, 2012). These elements have been explored by qualitative measures of crew service, in-flight amenities, cabin lighting/temperature, noise levels, odour and vibration (Greghi, Rossi, de Souza, & Menegon, 2013; Patel & D’Cruz, 2017; Vink, Bazley, Kamp, & Blok, 2012; Vink & van Mastrigt, 2011). A common denominator within the literature highlights how personal space plays a major role in perceived comfort. Legroom and other anthropometrical aspects of seat and cabin design can enhance passengers’ comfort or discomfort, particularly in long haul flights. The literature and media have highlighted that seat pitch has been decreasing over the decades, from an average of 35 inches in the 1970s to a current average of 30 inches. Recently the media drew attention to a bipartisan bill introduced in 2017 by USA senators to set minimum seat pitch standards (Vasel, 2017). Furthermore, the USA Federal Court in July of 2017 issued a ruling to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to develop minimum seat pitch standards (Levin, 2017; Wattles, 2017). Thus far only exit rows have a mandated seat pitch, primarily for ensuring safe egress in emergency situations.
The cost of abatement options to reduce carbon emissions from Australian international flights
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2018
Kwong-sang Yin, Adrian Ward, Paul Dargusch, Anthony Halog
The most popular aircraft used in 2012 were the 777-300ERs for long-haul flights, A330s for medium-haul flights and a combination of A320s and 737NGs for short-haul flights (Yin et al., 2015). These long, medium, and short-haul flights had approximately 309, 260, and 163 passengers on each flight respectively (Yin et al., 2015). Figure 1 shows the number of additional short, medium, and long-haul aircraft required to service the growth in passenger and freight.