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Ramp operations
Published in Peter J. Bruce, Yi Gao, John M. C. King, Airline Operations, 2018
Strong wind is usually defined as a wind in excess of thirty-five knots (sixty-four km/h) and creates a variety of hazards to ramp personnel. First, all light or tall GSE needs to be either appropriately restrained or removed from the ramp environment to ensure they are not blown over or become projectiles/FOD around the airport. Examples include push up passenger stairs and Unit Load Devices (ULDs). The loading of aircraft should also cease for this very reason, as ULDs have been known to blow off the top of an aircraft loader. Rolling stock (ULD trailers/dollies) should be chocked to prevent movement. In strong winds special considerations are also needed for aircraft. All aircraft have limitations for the wind speed in which passenger and cargo doors can be opened and closed. Depending on the wind direction and the aircraft weight, aircraft may need to be tied down or additional wheel chocks positioned to prevent the aircraft from ‘cocking’ into the wind.
Design and Mechanics of Mountaineering Equipment
Published in Franz Konstantin Fuss, Aleksandar Subic, Martin Strangwood, Rabindra Mehta, Routledge Handbook of Sports Technology and Engineering, 2013
Franz Konstantin Fuss, Günther Niegl
Camming devices in general comprise chocks and frictional anchors, which keep damage to rock faces to a minimum. They are placed in cracks or rock gaps and jam once loaded. Chocks are available in three main design versions: trapezoid, wedge-shaped, and hexagonal (‘Hexentrics’, derived from standard hexagonal nuts). Chocks require tapered cracks and are produced in different dimensions for covering a wide variety of crack dimensions.
Airline Management and Organization
Published in John G. Wensveen, Air Transportation, 2018
After the plane lands, the flight attendants must remain seated while the captain taxis to the arrival gate. Ramp personnel guide the aircraft to its parking position and, after it comes to a stop, put chocks under its wheels. As soon as that has been done, other workers hook up ground-based power and air-conditioning.
Overview of performing shore-to-ship and ship-to-ship compatibility studies for LNG bunker vessels
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2022
Mooring arrangement and analysis is one of the important aspects in the shore-to-ship compatibility study. In this analysis, the important outputs comprise the strength percentage of mooring ropes, slippage of winch, movement of vessel and pressure exerted on the vessel side shell by the fenders. One of the key factors that determine the outcomes is the vessel windage area, i.e. end-on area and side projected area. Environmental forces induced by the wind, current and wave shall be defined according to standard guidelines to appropriately size the rope capacity, winch brake holding capacity, winch pulling capacity as well as the mooring fittings (bollards, fairleads, chocks, etc.). As shown in Figure 7, mooring of large vessels usually involves the use of main wire ropes incorporated with tail nylon ropes with the intention to increase the elasticity, and thus to reduce the tension of the overall mooring ropes. Figure 8 depicts the typical mooring arrangement retrieved from the OCIMF mooring equipment guidelines. Basically, spring lines should be mounted as parallel as possible to the vessel to account for the vessel longitudinal motion (surge), while breast lines should be fixed as perpendicular as possible to the vessel to account for the vessel transverse motion (sway).
Distributed cognition in aviation operations: a gate-to-gate study with implications for distributed crewing
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Neville A. Stanton, Katherine L. Plant, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Thomas G. C. Griffin, Scott Moffat, Maggie Stanton
This final phase of flight starts once the aircraft is at the stand and involves the aircraft being shut down and the cargo unloaded. The taxiing pilot’s task is to park the aircraft in the designated stand (a confined space near buildings, ground crew and vehicles) and to stop on the exact spot, which permits the loaders access to the cargo areas. The aircraft is met by the loader team who are ready to unload/re-load cargo and the refuelling vehicle for the next sector. This is a demanding task, which requires a good lookout, close concentration and crew monitoring. Once the aircraft is parked, the ground crew acknowledges that the chocks are in place then the shut-down check-list is completed. Finally, it is safe to open the doors and unload.