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Straight-level flight
Published in Mohammad H. Sadraey, Aircraft Performance, 2017
At all of the above flight conditions, the best choice for a pilot is to be airborne with a speed such that it can stay in the air as long as possible. Many basic fundamentals for endurance and range are similar. The only difference is to consider how long (time) the aircraft can fly rather than how far (distance) it can fly. The objective for this flight is to minimize the fuel consumption, because the aircraft has limited fuel. A loiter is a flight condition where endurance is its primary objective.
Investigating the green performance limits of a cargo aircraft engine during flight: a thermo-environmental evaluation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Yasin Şöhret, Selcuk Ekici, Ali Dinc
In addition to flight path point analyses, each flight phase is evaluated with the aid of thermo-environmental parameters. As mentioned earlier, thermo-environmental parameters are determined for each flight path point per second. The duration of each flight phase is listed in Table 8. According to the duration of each phase of flight, the overall value of each flight phase is determined regarding durations given in Table 8. The calculated values of the thermo-environmental function ecologic-based thermo-environmental function, ecologic-environmental function, and finite-time exergo-environmental criteria are also summarized in Table 9 for the idle and taxi, take-off, climb, cruise, descent and landing loiter flight phases. For a better understanding of the results Figures 8 and 9 are also graphically depicted.
Identifying How Nonfunctional Attributes Affect a System’s Lifecycle
Published in Engineering Management Journal, 2021
James R. Enos, John V. Farr, Roshanak R. Nilchiani
Another attribute of extended DoD systems is their interoperability or the ability of a DoD system to provide resources to or receive resources from another DoD System, resources may be physical or information flow. To remain operational, legacy systems must be interoperable, on an information, resource, and physical level, with other DoD systems. The B-52 is interoperable with a variety of munitions and can launch or drop a wide array of ammunition from gravity bombs, to conventional air-launched cruise missiles, to precision munitions in addition to its nuclear capability (U.S. Air Force, 2015a). Even as late as the early 2000 s, the B-52 continues to increase its interoperability as the Air Force has retrofitted the aircraft to carry the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW), and the Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM) (Tirpak, 2001). Like the B-52, one of the main advantages the A-10 has over other aircraft is the wide range of weapons that it can carry on a given mission (C. Ireton, 2003). The interoperability with a wide range of weapons enables pilots to engage multiple types of targets and loiter for long periods of time to perform other missions. The Army consistently upgrades the Abrams to improve interoperability and the M1A2 SEP utilizes an open architecture concept so that it can easily interoperate with other systems as needed (Feickert, 2016). One such technology is the Commander’s Independent Thermal Viewer, which allows the Abrams to identify targets and pass the target data to other tanks and elements on the battlefield (Feickert, 2016). The Navy added the Cooperative Engagement Capability to its fleet of E-2 Hawkeyes that integrates air and missile defense information across multiple platforms from the Navy, Air Force, and Marines, thus greatly increasing the interoperability of this aircraft (Erwin, 2002). The various versions of the UH-60 demonstrate the interoperability of the Blackhawk though information flows, shared resources, and physical connections. Specifically, the Army incorporated GPS capability and blue-force tracking capability in their UH-60 Ms and the Air Force is retrofitting its fleet of HH-60 s with digital data receivers and blue force tracking capabilities to meet combat search and rescue requirements (Kennedy, 2001). As a counter to the importance of interoperability for extended DOD systems, the twenty articles on the CH-46 never mentioned the interoperability of the system beyond basic radio communication and GPS systems in the helicopter.