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Functional Analysis
Published in Scott Jackson, Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft, 2020
Of course, the lift and drag performance is the primary factor which allows the aircraft to achieve its speed (cruise, landing, take-off), range, cruise altitude, and other top-level performance requirements. These functions are achieved through the aerodynamic shaping of the wing and various other external components. Most manufacturers are employing winglets to enhance the lift and drag performance. Flaps provide augmented lift and drag for landing. The airframe segment described in Section 9.8 bears the major responsibility for satisfying these functions.
The effect of flight distance on fuel mileage and CO2 per passenger kilometer
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2019
Enis T. Turgut, Oznur Usanmaz, Mustafa Cavcar
Earlier, a negative correlation between flight distance and fuel mileage is highlighted. Accordingly, when flights are categorized in 100 NM increments in flight distance, the fuel consumption per mile is calculated to be 6.6 kg and 8.8 kg (based on true air speed, see Table 1) while these averages might decrease by 5.3% to 10.4% when considering wind effect (the effect of wind tends to be stronger with an increase in flight distance). Wind effect varies from one flight to another and is a strong function of route, cruise altitude and season. The results of a study that examined data from an almost 40-year period from eight radiosonde stations across Turkey reveal that the prevailing wind direction is eastbound converging to 270° with an increase in altitude (Turgut & Usanmaz, 2016). Although it was reported earlier that the effect of wind on fuel consumption may be cancelled out if there are a sufficient number of round trip flights (Reynolds, 2014), this effect is discussed in detail for particular flights in the following section. However, unless otherwise stated, the results cover the overall averages of eastbound and westbound flights.