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Global Positioning System
Published in Cary R. Spitzer, Uma Ferrell, Thomas Ferrell, Digital Avionics Handbook, 2017
Christopher J. Hegarty, John M. Foley, Sai K. Kalyanaraman
GA GPS receivers are typically certified for IFR en route, terminal, and nonprecision approach capability. SBAS-capable receivers certified under TSO-C146 can also support vertically guided approaches to lateral/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV) and localizer precision with vertical guidance (LPV) minimums. Even though GA GPS is certified for IFR use, VFR operations also benefit from the enhanced situational awareness GPS provides. The ability to fly direct to any given waypoint can greatly simplify flight planning. In the event of an in-flight emergency, GPS allows the pilot to quickly identify the nearest airport and provides guidance at the push of a button.
Global navigation satellite systems
Published in Mike Tooley, David Wyatt, Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems, 2017
Localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) approaches in Europe utilise the satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS)*, based on EGNOS, for improved accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability. This is achieved by measurements from reference stations; errors are then transferred to a computing centre, which calculates differential corrections and integrity messages. These are broadcast via geostationary satellites as an augmentation or overlay of the original GNSS message. LPV provides lateral and vertical guidance to provide an approach very similar to a Category I instrument landing system (ILS). As with ILS, LPV has vertical guidance and is flown to a Decision Altitude (DA).
Effect of ortho-para conversion on economics of liquid hydrogen tanker with pressure cargo tanks
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2018
Hwalong You, Junkeon Ahn, Sangkwon Jeong, Daejun Chang
The cargo tanks installed on the LH2 tanker are of the prismatic pressure vessel type with internally lattice structures and are called LPVs. The conceptual design of the LPV takes into consideration the pressure load, fatigue strength, buckling and thermal load (Ahn et al. 2017). The application of the LPV was investigated for the liquid natural gas (LNG) supply chain (Lee et al. 2016). The main features of the LPV are scalability, high volume efficiency and simplicity. It is applicable to any shape regardless of the tank size with repeated internal structures and it has simple pipes, while cylindrical tanks require multiple tanks with several pipe connections. The tank type of the LPV is classed as type C or type C-equivalent defined in international maritime organization (IMO 2016).