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Designing Human–Automation Interaction
Published in Guy A. Boy, The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction, 2017
During design it is important to recognize that the work itself can be designed and redesigned to be more efficient, effective or robust. For example, the newer air traffic procedure “Continuous Descent Approach” (CDA) allows aircraft to fly their optimal vertical profile down to landing. While this procedure takes advantage of new technology, such as autoflight systems, it demanded a redesign of the work of each air traffic controller to allow “hand-offs” of aircraft to the controller in the neighboring section at varying altitudes and speeds. Thus, the technology redesign was minimal—the big difference was in the procedures used to enact the work, leading to dramatic reductions in aircraft noise and emissions. Once the work is redesigned, then new technology can be envisioned to support the work—rather than introducing new technology and then trying to figure out how to work around it!
Mathematical optimization in enhancing the sustainability of aircraft trajectory: A review
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2020
Ahmed W.A. Hammad, David Rey, Amani Bu-Qammaz, Hanna Grzybowska, Ali Akbarnezhad
The flight path undertaken by aircraft is governed by predefined trajectories in the vertical and horizontal profiles. As an example, thrust cut back departures have been developed to reduce noise at specific locations (Thomas et al., 2017). The continuous descent approach (CDA), also referred to in the literature as the optimized profile descent (OPD) (Clarke et al., 2013), comprises a vertical profile which permits aircraft to descent from a higher altitude at idle or near idle thrust. The procedure eliminates the level flight segments and their associated thrust transients at low altitude. Due to the low thrust setting required where the flight is near idle descent trajectories, this leads to lower fuel consumption and less noise and gas emissions (Cao et al., 2014; White et al., 2017). It should be noted that noise abatement procedures are classified according to whether flight is in descent or departure mode.