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Systems Engineering as Engineering Philosophy
Published in Diane P. Michelfelder, Neelke Doorn, The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering, 2020
Perhaps owing to the achievements of Bell Labs, which included the invention of the transistor in 1947, development of solar cell in 1954 and launching of Telstar I communication satellite in 1962 (Alcatel-Lucent 2010), other industrial organisations and institutions of learning embraced systems engineering. The Director of Bell Labs, G.W. Gilman, pioneered a systems engineering course at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1950. Systems engineering was adopted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to manage its space projects. NASA officials announced the Apollo Project in 1960 with the goal of transporting humans to the moon and returning them safely to Earth (Brill 1998). The success of Apollo 11 in July 1969, which saw two humans walk the lunar surface and returning safely to Earth, is well documented. Systems engineering was largely credited with the success of this undertaking.
Structure of the aerospace industry
Published in Wesley Spreen, The Aerospace Business, 2019
Although activities involving earth-orbiting satellites are the core of the space business, a relatively minor adjunct involves government-funded exploration missions outside the Earth’s gravitational field. The most spectacular of these missions were the manned expeditions to the moon as part of the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972. Equally fruitful from a scientific perspective have been earth observation satellites, orbiting telescopes, and unmanned probes sent to the other planets and moons of the solar system.
Electroactive Polymers for Space Applications
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A. Gobouri, Electroactive Polymeric Materials, 2022
Samson Rwahwire, Samm Okinyi Youma
The twentieth century will be remembered as the time when humans ventured into space exploration. From 1961 to 1969 researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Russians were locked in a space race working toward putting a man on the moon. On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 Mission successfully launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA enroute to the moon; on July 20, 1969, the first humans walked on the moon and returned to Earth on July 24, 1969.
Mineral Processing and Metal Extraction on the Lunar Surface - Challenges and Opportunities
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Matthew Shaw, Matthew Humbert, Geoffrey Brooks, Akbar Rhamdhani, Alan Duffy, Mark Pownceby
One of the primary arguments for SRU is Supply chain lead times and the reduction in the mass of the payloads carried up to orbit from Earth, often referred to as the up-mass. Up-mass minimization is critical to the economic viability of any mission due to the related transport costs. Current estimates of USD $35,000 per kilogram from Earth to the lunar surface (bulk haulage) (Kornuta et al. 2019; Sowers 2021) are expected to significantly reduce in coming years due to the privatization of launch capacities (Johnson-Freese 2017; Jones 2018). However, the economic argument for ISRU relies on the fact that the cost of transport from Earth is extremely high as compared to the cost of production of the same resources from local materials. This renders the idea of transporting equipment for terrestrial type mining and processing up to the Moon almost impossible from an economic standpoint (Saydam 2018). Regardless of cost, the transit time for a cargo shipment using current technologies is large. The Apollo missions took in excess of 100 hours from launch to touch down on the Moon (Orloff 2000). Fuel optimized trajectories, which cost less in fuel, can take months; SpaceIL’s robotic Beresheet mission took a total of 48 days before hard landing on the lunar surface (Aharonson et al. 2020). Such long lead times render emergency resupply a non-option for most operations and play heavily into some of the health and safety concerns that will be explored below.
The realisation of an avatar-symbiotic society where everyone can perform active roles without constraint
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
There are two research methods, the forecast and backcast methods. The forecast method is the method of creating more advanced technology while improving the technology currently being developed. On the other hand, the backcast method is the method of setting a technological development goal to be realised and advancing the technological development toward that goal. For example, the Apollo programme, which began in the United States in 1961 with the goal of ‘sending people to the moon’. The Government of Japan has started a large-scale project to implement such backcast research and development.