The Toxic Environment and Its Medical Implications with Special Emphasis on Smoke Inhalation
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The toxic fire environment depends not only on the materials that are available at the time of the fires, but also on the flammability of these products and the thermal decomposition modes of these materials. Different materials have varied ignition temperatures and varying degrees of flammability. Also, products can be degraded in the flaming (combustion) condition, or nonflaming (smoldering or pyrolysis) condition, or both. Under field conditions, pyrolysis is defined as thermal decomposition of materials in an area without sufficient oxygen, and combustion represents thermal degradation of material where there is an adequate supply of oxygen. In the laboratory, differentiating between pyrolysis and combustion has important implications since toxic gases may be increased when substances are decomposed in the pyrolysis state rather than in the combustion state, and the degree of emission of toxic gases (e.g., from combusion of plastic polymers) can be different under flaming or nonflaming conditions (Levin et al., 1985b). Other factors that may contribute to the spread of a fire and smoke include the quantity of material that is available, the presence of other combustibles, ventilation conditions, the volume in which the combustion products may spread, the ignition sources, and the fire protection systems (Levin et ah, 1983b).
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Adorjan Aszalos in Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Roy and Szinal [29] pyrolyzed with a platinium ribbon in a modified injection port. The sample (up to 0.1 mg) placed on the ribbon was heated at the rate of 20°C per microsecond to 875°C for a duration of 1 sec. The gases were then passed onto a column of 3% XE-60 on Gas Chrom Q 80/100 at 100°C and then to the FID. Individually characteristic chromatograms, suitable for identification, were obtained with 10 penicillins and four cephalosporins. The pyrolysis-chromatography was reproducible. Concentration-response curves were prepared for cephalexin, methicillin, oxacillin, and penicillin G and found to be linear over a range of 10-2 to nearly 102μg. Several of the peaks were identified by mass spectrometry. The usual excipients did not interfere.
Eichhornia crassipes: Shedding Light on its Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Industrial Uses
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Biogas is considered as a clean and agreeable fuel generated through the anaerobic assimilation of natural squanders such as cow excrement and vegetable squanders. Nowadays, it has become highly significant for local industries as fuel because of its expenses and tidiness. The essential part of the gas is methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide; thus, water hyacinth can be utilized as a potential feedstock for biogas creation because of its high carbon-nitrogen proportion. Biogas generation restores bioenergy via anaerobic absorption of water hyacinth followed by its co-assimilation with leafy foods squander and nitrogen to be recovered in the fluid profluent and thus it can be used as an effective fluid manure. Minimal effort biomass might be utilized to create fluids, gases, and biochar in a cost-efficient and ecologically inviting way through pyrolysis or co-pyrolysis in the future (Jayaweera et al. 2007b, Hernandez-Shek et al. 2016, Mishra and Maiti 2017).
Magnetic carbon nanotubes: preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Mehrdad Samadishadlou, Masoud Farshbaf, Nasim Annabi, Taras Kavetskyy, Rovshan Khalilov, Siamak Saghfi, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Sepideh Mousavi
Pyrolysis is transformation of an organic compound to smaller and simpler compounds at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen (or any halogen). Pyrolysis is an irreversible process and in this process change in chemical composition and physical phase occurs in the same time. In a research by Shen et al. [71], SWCNTs coated by Fe3O4 were synthesized using thermal decomposition of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of iron triacetylacetonate in the presence of poly(acrylic acid)-functionalized SWCNTs. Such magnetic carbon nanocomposites exhibit excellent magnetic and mechanical properties. In another study, Shan et al. [72] prepared MCNTs consisting of a MWCNT core and Fe3O4 shell by in-situ thermal decomposition of triacetylacetonate, FeCl3 or Fe(CO)5 in 2-pyrrolidone containing pretreated MWCNTs. The pyrolysis approach features large-scale production, while offers very limited over the size and structure of the obtained products. The main disadvantage of this method is that much of carbon black, which is unwanted and is often formed by thermal decomposition or incomplete combustion of carbon hydrogen compounds. Moreover, the conduction of pyrolysis often requires inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the magnetic species. However, due to large-scale production, the pyrolysis approach will be more attractive once the above-mentioned disadvantages are overcome.
Novel carbon dots derived from Schizonepetae Herba Carbonisata and investigation of their haemostatic efficacy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Meiling Zhang, Yan Zhao, Jinjun Cheng, Xiaoman Liu, Yongzhi Wang, Xin Yan, Yue Zhang, Fang Lu, Qingguo Wang, Huihua Qu
CDs are zero-dimensional carbon nanostructure materials with particle sizes <10 nm [42,43], which typically display size- and excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence behaviour [44]. As an emerging novel nanomaterial, a variety of synthesis methods has been developed. However, there is still lacking of ideal choice, because most of these approaches have some disadvantages such as requiring a large quantity of strong CDs acids and complex process [45]. From the environmental conservation point of view, the study of new carbon sources for facile, economical, simple and green synthesis is highly desired, especially for CDs with bioactivities. Pyrolysis, which is described as the direct thermal decomposition of a biomass in the absence of oxygen [46], has numerous merits such as a simple experimental setup, easy control of the reaction, facile operation and environmental friendliness [47]. In this study, a modified pyrolysis method was used to prepared SHC-CDs, which was conducive to the further investigation of the bioactivities.
Bioprospecting of aqueous phase from pyrolysis of plant waste residues to disrupt MRSA biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Srividhya Krishnan, Subramaniyasharma Sivaraman, Sowndarya Jothipandiyan, Ponnusami Venkatachalam, Saravanan Ramiah Shanmugam, Nithyanand Paramasivam
Pyrolysis is one such thermochemical conversion process that provides a solution to stubble burning and also helps to sequester carbon in the form of biochar (Corona et al. 2020). During pyrolysis, biomass is subjected to thermal decomposition under an inert atmosphere like nitrogen and the constituent components of biomass are degraded and disintegrated. This yields three different products viz., solid (biochar), liquid (bio-oil and aqueous phase) and gas (syngas and non-condensable gases), respectively (Vuppaladadiyam et al. 2022). Pyrolysis is a promising alternative process for the development of ‘drop-in’ biofuels which has the potential to replace non-renewable fossil fuels (Pešenjanski et al. 2016). The life cycle assessment of pyrolysis of biomass have shown that it is sustainable process for energy generation and has excellent environmental benefits (Patel Amit et al. 2014). The aqueous phase of plant biomass upon pyrolysis is generally considered as a waste and cannot be released into the environment without further treatment. Due to the presence of large number of oxygenated organics along with several micro- and macro-nutrients, its direct release in water bodies would lead to eutrophication and environmental pollution (Leng et al. 2021).
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