The abdomen
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre in Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Although no glandular secretion occurs in the small and large intestines, there is a rapid exchange of water and electrolytes across parts of the mucosa. Water moves in response to osmotic gradients, a hypertonic solution being rapidly diluted by the movement of water from blood to lumen, and a hypotonic solution being rapidly concentrated by the absorption of water. Sodium is actively absorbed in both the small and large intestine, while potassium is absorbed by the small intestine but secreted by the large intestine. In normal circumstances, albumin leaks into the gut lumen in various secretions such as saliva, gastric juice, succus entericus and bile. The exuded albumin is digested and the nitrogen subsequently absorbed as amino acids. This intestinal loss accounts for approximately 10% of the total albumin catabolism in the normal subject.
Drowning Deaths
Sudhir K. Gupta in Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Fresh water is hypotonic to human plasma and intracellular fluid of alveolar epithelial cells. Meanwhile, sea water is usually hypertonic in this regard. Based on this concept and on experiments conducted on submerged animals, two separate tissue-level mechanisms were postulated for fresh water and sea water drowning. Hypotonic medium reaches alveoli, penetrates the capillaries through the alveolar epithelial cells by osmosis, which results in hypervolemia in circulatory system along with a drop in tonicity of plasma. Hypotonic atmosphere at alveoli and adjacent capillaries results in bursting of cells, which release the intracellular K+ ions. This ion leak results in an altered Na+/K+ ratio, a potential stimulant for cardiac arrhythmia that can cause ventricular fibrillations. Evidence-based supportive results in human studies are not available for this postulation and are even contradictory in many instances. Nowadays, asphyxia due to the inability to exchange gas is considered as the main mechanism of death by many forensic surgeons.
Orthomolecular Approaches for the Use of Intravenous Vitamin C
Qi Chen, Margreet C.M. Vissers in Cancer and Vitamin C, 2020
Osmolality is another important concern in choosing the carrier fluid and volume for preparing the vitamin C infusion (Table 8.1). A hypotonic solution should never be infused, as it will result in red blood cell hemolysis, and this is basic infusion therapy safety for any type of infusion [87]. Of note, chemotherapeutic IVC administration in our clinical trials used additional magnesium with the IVC because magnesium minimizes venous spasm and irritation. Many other practitioners in private practices outside of research protocols add a variety of other nutrients, including minerals, vitamins, and botanicals. No information is currently available to determine if these are beneficial or not. At this time, historical use and reports of safety guide the practitioner’s decision in the administration of parenteral nutrients. This has led to different groups proposing different methods that border on dogma without proof. Only future research can determine the correct approach and benefit.
Sulfoxaflor insecticide exhibits cytotoxic or genotoxic and apoptotic potential via oxidative stress-associated DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes cell cultures
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Cebrail Sınacı, Ayla Çelik, Derya Yetkin, Sertan Çevik, Gizem Güler
Positive/Negative controls and three different concentrations of Sulfoxaflor insecticide (10µg/mL, 20µg/mL, and 40µg/mL) solutions were prepared for each individual. Phytohemoglutunin was added into each tube. The Mitomycin-C (2μg/mL) solution was added to positive control tubes. Culture tubes were incubated at 37°C for 72h. At the end of the 44th hour, Cytochalazine-B (6μg/mL) was added to all MN tubes. At the end of 72h. of incubation, the tubes were centrifuged at 2000rpm. The hypotonic solution was added to the precipitate. It was kept at room temperature for 5minutes. It was centrifuged at 2000rpm for 10minutes. The supernatant is discarded. The fixative solution was added and centrifuged. This process was repeated at least five times. Finally, the fixative solution was added to the precipitate and spread on slides. MN preparates were stained with Giemsa dye solution (10%). The preparates were examined under a light microscope.
Nasal saline irrigation: prescribing habits and attitudes of physicians and pharmacists
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2021
Jesse Tapiala, Antti Hyvärinen, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Eero Suihko, Elina Penttilä
In summary, the most popular method for NSI was a Neti pot (n = 477; 80.7%) filled with an isotonic solution (n = 440; 73.9%) that was 30–40 degrees Celsius (n = 417; 70.1%). Hypertonic (n = 18; 3.0%) or hypotonic (n = 11; 1.8%) solutions were rarely administered and the rest did not instruct the tonicity (n = 126; 21.2%). Volumes of 51–100 ml (n = 72; 12.2%) and 101–200 ml (n = 83; 14.0%) were recommended the most, while the majority gave no recommendation at all (n = 316; 53.4%). Many of the respondents recommended homemade solutions (n = 483; 81.2%) as opposed to purchasing ready-to-use nasal solutions from pharmacies (n = 325; 54.6%). Irrigations were most instructed as a daily (n = 222; 37.8%) or twice-a-day (n = 277; 47.2%) therapy. Regular irrigations were recommended by 77 (12.9%) of the respondents, while the rest (n = 518; 87.1%) opted for a short-term usage (mean: 6.52 days, SD = 3.9, min = 1 day and max = 30 days). There was no significant difference in the length of the recommended use between pharmacists and physicians.
Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Zothan Siama, Mary Zosang-zuali, Annie Vanlalruati, Ganesh Chandra Jagetia, Kham Suan Pau, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
The blood samples were collected by venipuncture from each volunteer of both groups in individual sterile heparinized tubes. The lymphocyte culture was carried out according to the method described earlier (Jagetia et al. 2001). Briefly, the blood was allowed to sediment and the buffy coat was collected in individual sterile glass tubes. Usually, 106 nucleated cells were inoculated into sterile glass tubes containing RPMI-1640 medium, 10% fetal calf serum and phytohemagglutinin as the mitogen. The cells were allowed to grow for the next 44 h in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37 °C. Cytochalasin B was added at a final concentration of 5 μg/ml to block cytokinesis and cells were allowed to grow for another 28 h (Fenech and Morley 1985). Cells were harvested at the end of 72 h after initiation of the lymphocyte culture by centrifugation. A mild hypotonic solution was added to the cell pellet so as to retain the cell membrane. Cells were then fixed in freshly prepared Carnoy’s fixative (methanol: acetic acid, 3:1). The cell suspension was placed onto pre-cleaned coded blinded slides to avoid observer`s bias and spread by air blowing. The cells were stained with acridine orange and scored under a fluorescence microscope (DM 2500, Leica Mikrosysteme Vertrieb GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) by two individuals. Usually, a total of 1000 binucleate cells (BNC) with well-preserved cytoplasm were scored from each individual for the presence of micronuclei (MN) according to the criteria described earlier (Fenech et al. 2003).
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