The Anti-Cardiolipin Assay
E. Nigel Harris, Thomas Exner, Graham R. V. Hughes, Ronald A. Asherson in Phospholipid-Binding Antibodies, 2020
Cardiolipin and anionic phospholipids are purchased from suppliers such as SIGMA Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO) and AVANTI Polar Lipids (Birmingham, AL). As yet, our studies have shown little differences between binding to cardiolipin vs. binding to anionic phospholipids. When large numbers of sera were examined for binding to cardiolipin coated plates vs. plates coated with other anionic phospholipids, there was greater than 90% correlation of binding activities.31,33,35 This finding was best demonstrated by coating duplicate rows of a single ELISA plate with different anionic phospholipids.35 The optical absorbance readings of sera added to each anionic phospholipid on this ELISA plate were comparable.35 Whether the source of anionic phospholipids and structure of the fatty acid side-chains of the glyceride moieties (Figure 1) are important has not been thoroughly investigated.
Historical Background
Margit Hamosh in Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Most important was the fact that he recognized that the fats found in the bodies of different species were all composed of fatty acids and that the difference between the properties of human fat and mutton tallow was the result of mixtures of fatty acids of different melting points.3 For the discussion in the following chapters of this book it is important to point out that his interest in short-chain fatty acids was related to their possible effect on the palatability of foods.3 In spite of the marked progress in the chemistry of fats, and although Berthelot suggested the possible existence of mixed triglycerides in 1860, it was generally assumed until the very end of the last century that natural fats consist of mixtures of simple glycerides.8 In 1897, Heise demonstrated the presence of oleodistearin in the fat from a member of the genus Allanblackia.9 The essentially mixed character of the glycerides of natural fats was further documented by the studies of Bomer and colleagues.10, 11 While the early studies accomplished the separation of glycerides by fractional crystallization,8 Krafft used fractional distillation under reduced pressure to isolate trilaurin from laurel kernel fat and trimyristin from nutmeg butter.12
Biologically Active Substances From Bryophytes
R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla in Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Up to the present, more than 200 new compounds have been isolated from the bryophytes. Most of the compounds found in the Hepaticae are lipophilic terpenoids and aromatic compounds of which only two nitrogen-9 and three sulfur-containing compounds have been found.115,116 Mono- and sesquiterpenoids have not been found in the Musci and Anthocerotae. The major components of the former class are highly unsaturated fatty acids and their glycerides. As described above, the bryophytes contain some biologically active substances. However, the species of bryophytes studied chemically so far are only a small percentage of total bryophytes. Further, chemical and pharmacological investigation of the bryophytes listed in Table 1 as well as the other bryophytes may provide a number of different types of bioactive compounds for use as medicinal and agricultural drugs.
Myricetin derivative-rich fraction from Syzygium malaccense prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Devi Nallappan, Kien Chai Ong, Uma Devi Palanisamy, Kek Heng Chua, Umah Rani Kuppusamy
Lipids consist of a diverse group of fats, oils, fat-soluble vitamins, sterols, and glycerides that play a vital role as sources of energy. Lipid profile measurement serves as a primary screening test to assess abnormalities in lipids, especially total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) (DeSantes et al. 2017). In the present study, the development of hyperlipidemic condition upon prolonged high-fat diet consumption was observed in the HFD group. Meanwhile, oral administration of MD at a low dose was found to be more effective in attenuating lipid profile, especially triglyceride, total cholesterol and non-HDL-c which highly reflects antihyperlipidemic efficacy of MD. As reported in previous studies, myricetin derivative such as myricitrin has a strong inhibitory effect on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (Yokomizo and Moriwaki 2005).
Discovery of triterpenoids as potent dual inhibitors of pancreatic lipase and human carboxylesterase 1
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Jing Zhang, Qiu-Sha Pan, Xing-Kai Qian, Xiang-Lu Zhou, Ya-Jie Wang, Rong-Jing He, Le-Tian Wang, Yan-Ran Li, Hong Huo, Cheng-Gong Sun, Lei Sun, Li-Wei Zou, Ling Yang
As the key enzyme of triglyceride hydrolysis in the intestine, pancreatic lipase (PL) catalyses the hydrolysis of the ester bond of triacylglycerols to monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, and contributes to 50–70% hydrolysis of total dietary fats27,28. Inhibition of PL activity could restrain the hydrolysis of dietary glycerides in food, so as to reduce the subsequent absorption of free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. Therefore, PL has become a promising target for the adjuvant treatment of obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia29,30. In addition, inhibiting the activity of hCES1A could display multiple beneficial effects in both lipid and glucose homeostasis in genetic and diet-induced mouse models of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes18. Thus, the discovery of potent dual-target inhibitors based on hCES1A and PL hold great potential for the development of remedies for treating related metabolic diseases such as hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity. However, the development of dual target inhibitors of hCES1A and PL is still in the blank stage.
Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Kousalya Prabahar, Ubaidulla Udhumansha, Nehal Elsherbiny, Mona Qushawy
The response surface curve of entrapment efficiency is shown in Figure 2A–C. As the lipid part of the drug was increased in proportion to the drug, more drug could be entrapped in the lipid matrix, increasing entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, increasing the volume of liquid lipids increases the solubility of medicines, resulting in higher entrapment efficiency. Maximum entrapment efficiency values were seen (red color area) as the amount of lipid concentration grew; however, lesser lipid concentration gave the lowest entrapment efficiency values of nano structured lipid. The high EE % achieved may be related to the lipophilicity of glyceryl monosterate lipids combined with crystal lattice defects that give ample space for drug β-sitosterol (Shi et al., 2013). When the lipid concentration was raised, the plotted model showed a linear increase in entrapment value. With increasing lipid concentrations, the entrapment effectiveness of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with β-sitosterol improves. It could be related to β-sitosterol’s strong lipophilicity, which results in significant EE in lipid-based nanoparticles. Long-chain fatty acids can connect to glycerides, allowing lipophilic medicines to lodge easier, according to Dudhipala and Veerabrahma (2016). The results showed that incorporating liquid oil into lipid matrix penetrates the crystalline matrix, allowing the drug to lodge in NLC, resulting in a high EE (Woo et al., 2014; Tatke et al., 2018). High drug encapsulation efficiency in lipid nanoparticles allows for maximum drug penetration into the skin.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diglyceride
- Ester
- Fatty Acid
- Functional Group
- Glycerol
- Monoglyceride
- Vegetable Oil
- Triglyceride
- Hydroxy Group
- Animal Fat