Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Flowerheads contain an aromatic bitter principle (anthemic acid), regarded as a mild tonic, but may be emetic in large doses. In Latin America, “tea” made from Matricaria is taken as an after dinner beverage. Oil of camomile is used in cordials, perfumes, and shampoos. Both negative and positive bactericidal tests are reported on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus8 Azulene has an antiphlogistic action.3 Chamillin is said to be the spasmolytic agent, perhaps the same as apigenine.3 The oil has candicidal properties as well.29 Chamazulen is said to possess anodyne, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and vulnerary properties. Alpha-bisabolol has antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antipeptic activities. Some of the cylic ethers in chamomile are antian-aphylactic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic. Umbelliferone is fungistatic. Camomile tea itself is hypnotic.2933 Extracts are used in bath preparations, hair dyes, mouth washes, shampoos, and sunburn preparations. Oils are used to impart fragrance to creams, detergents, lotions, perfumes, and soaps, and as a flavoring in beverages, baked goods, candies, frozen dairy desserts, gelatins, liqueurs (benedictine, bitters, vermouths), and pudding, with average food use usually below 0.002%.29
Chemistry of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
α-Bisabolol (115) is the simplest of the cyclic sesquiterpenoid alcohols. If farnesol is the sesquiterpenoid equivalent of geraniol and nerolidol of linalool, then α-bisabolol is the equivalent of α-terpineol. It has two chiral centers and therefore exists in four stereoisomeric forms, all of which occur in nature. The richest natural source is Myoporum crassifolium Forst., a shrub from New Caledonia, but α-bisabolol can be found in many other species including chamomile, lavender, and rosemary. It has a faint floral odor and anti-inflammatory properties and is responsible, at least in part, for the related medicinal properties of chamomile oil.
Chemistry of Syzygium cumini
K. N. Nair in The Genus Syzygium, 2017
The caryophyllane type of sesquiterpenoids, such as β-caryophyllene (55), isocaryophyllene (56), caryophyllene alcohol (57), and β-caryophyllene epoxide (58), has been detected in EOs. Additionally, nine aromadendranes, γ-gurjunene (59), (+)-aromadendrene (60), alloaromadendrene (61), isoaromadendrene V (62), globulol (63), epiglobulol (64), spathulenol (65), viridiflorol (66), and ledol (67), have been detected in EOs of various morphological parts, as shown in Table 6.5. Other sesquiterpenes of the cadinane group, namely, torreyol (68), α-amorphene (69), cadina-1,4-diene (70), calacorene (71), α-muurolene (72), α-muurolol (73), γ-cadinene (74), and δ-cadinene (75), have been reported. Eudesmanes such as eremophilene (76), valencene (77), α-selinene (78), β-selinene (79), and β-eudesmol (80) have been reported. In addition, seven more sesquiterpenes of the farnesene group, α-farnesene (81), cis-α-farnesene (82), β-farnesene (83), cis-β-farnesene (84), cis-farnesol (85), cis-nerolidol (86), and trans-nerolidol (87), have been detected. A bisabolane, β-bisabolol (88), has been detected from fruits. Two copaane sesquiterpenoids, namely, α-ylangene (89) and α-copaene (90), have been found in EOs of leaves and aerial parts, respectively. The leaf EOs have shown the presence of β-elemene (91), β-guaiene (92), and α-himachalene (93), which belong to the elemene, guaiene, and himachalane types of sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Widdrol (96) is a widdrane type of sesquiterpenoids found in fruits. Other sesquiterpenoids, like β-maaliene (97), junipene (98), neocedranol (99), and α-santalol (100), have been reported from different parts of the plant, as shown in Table 6.5.
Evaluation of chamomile oil and nanoemulgels as a promising treatment option for atopic dermatitis induced in rats
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Noha S. El-Salamouni, Mai M. Ali, Sherien A. Abdelhady, Lamia S. Kandil, Gihan A. Elbatouti, Ragwa M. Farid
Nowadays aromatherapy is one of the increasingly used complementary therapies. Essential oils are major therapeutic agents used to treat several diseases, representing a major class of interest in drug research [9]. German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), belonging to the family Asteraceae, has been used as herbal medication since ancient times. Chamomile is widely used to treat skin inflammations and various bacterial skin infections, for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mild astringent, and healing potential [10]. The pharmacological activity of German chamomile is associated with its essential oil and flavonoid content. The principal anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic constituents of chamomile oil (CM) are matricin, chamazulene, ɑ-bisabolol, and its oxides A and B [11].
The effect of chamomile extract obtained in supercritical carbon dioxide conditions on physicochemical and usable properties of pharmaceutical ointments
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Emilia Klimaszewska, Artur Seweryn, Anna Małysa, Małgorzata Zięba, Joanna Lipińska
Plant ingredients are commonly used in the pharmaceutical (Eshun & He 2004, p. 91; Srivastava et al. 2010, p. 895; Singh et al. 2011, p. 82), cosmetic (Kole et al. 2005, p. 315; Khan & Abourashed 2010, p. 657; Herman et al. 2013, p. 232; Sikora et al. 2015, p. 574; Klimaszewska et al. 2016, p. 1000), household chemicals (Gambogi et al. 2006, p. 171; Sikora et al. 2015, p. 574; Wasilewski & Seweryn 2016, p. 778; Wasilewski et al. 2016a, p. 368; 2016b, p. 114; 2016c, p. 1315) and food industries (Eshun & He 2004, p. 91; Khan & Abourashed 2010, p. 657) due to their natural abundance. One example is wild chamomile which is known to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic activities (Singh et al. 2011, p. 82). Among other valuable ingredients, chamomile extracts contain alpha-bisabolol (Avonto et al. 2013, p. 1848). The role of the compound in pharmacological and physiological processes is summarized in studies by Kamatou and Viljoen (2010, p. 1). Alpha-bisabolol exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial and anticancer effects. In addition, high levels of alpha-bisabolol in chamomile are responsible for increasing transcutaneous drug penetration. Safayhi et al. (1994, p. 410) showed chamazulene to be another important ingredient of wild chamomile. Chamazulene may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect induced by chamomile by inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes and producing additional antioxidative activity. Other valuable active ingredients found in chamomile extracts include polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) and mineral salts (Scalia et al. 1999, p. 549; Cushnie & Lamb 2005, p. 343; Orav et al. 2010, p. 48).
Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018
N. Saghafi, H. Rhkhshandeh, N. Pourmoghadam, L. Pourali, M. Ghazanfarpour, A. Behrooznia, F. Vafisani
Chamomile, scientifically known as Matricaria Chamomilla, belongs to the family of composite plants, which are indigenous of Mediterranean region. This medicinal plant is made of various constituents such as Chamazulene with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, apigenin with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antineoplastic effect, flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety effect, and finally alpha bisabolol with anti-inflammatory and digestive effect (Sharifi et al. 2014).
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