The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Leukorrhea (leuko- = white) is characterized by a distressing, often whitish discharge from the genital tract. Also simply called vaginal discharge, leukorrhea is a symptom rather than a disease, and the term should only be applied to an abnormal discharge. Common causes include chronic cervicitis, cervical eversion (turning inside out), and infections with organisms such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida, and Haemophilus vaginalis. If the discharge is due to inflammation of the vagina, it is called vaginitis.
Adolescent contraception
Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo in Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
The mechanism of action is identical to that of the COC, and studies have indicated complete suppression of ovulation in study patients as assessed on ultrasound as well as measurements of serum FSH and LH. A matched pairs analysis demonstrated that the vaginal ring induces greater ovarian suppression compared to COC.138,143 Efficacy, side effect profile, and contraindications are again similar to those of the COC, and there is no effect on patient weight gain.7,144,145 Nausea, acne, and emotional lability may be reduced in ring users.130 Rates of irregular bleeding (<5%) are also lower than those noted with the COCs, and significantly more patients experience regular withdrawal bleeds than with COCs.128,138,139,146 The duration of menstrual bleeding is also significantly shortened in women using the ring as compared to the patch.33 Some increased leukorrhea and vaginal irritation have been described.7,138 With regard to changes in vaginal flora, studies have been conflicting. While some studies noted no changes in vaginal flora, at least two studies found an increased number of lactobacilli in the vaginal flora.147,148 Increased lactobacilli could be protective against cervicovaginal infection and sexually transmitted infections.147
The Chemistry and Biology of Lipooligosaccharides: The Endotoxins of Bacteria of the Respiratory and Genital Mucosae
Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison in Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Not all exposed men develop leukorrhea (110). An inoculum of only 250 gonococcal variants that made paraglobosyl and gangliosyl, but not lactosyl, LOS caused urethritis in three of seven volunteers who were challenged with them (109)—a 40% attack rate that is somewhat higher than the 22% risk of naturally acquired infection following sexual contact with an infected female (110). This suggests either that the number of organisms shed from the cervix of infected women is quite low (113) or that many shed organisms are not of the appropriate paraglobosyl/gangliosyl LOS phenotype (5,109). Surprisingly, sialylated gonococci are not able to infect men (114), so some LNnT LOS structures must remain unsialylated during cervical infection and transmission.
Influence of phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Climacteric, 2022
M. J. Lindermann Peressoni Teixeira, C. Colonetti Colombo, L. Colonetti, M. Inês da Rosa, T. Colonetti
Vaginal atrophy causes several symptoms, such as vulvovaginal dryness, decreased vaginal lubrication, dyspareunia, vulvar or vaginal bleeding, decreased libido, itching and leukorrhea [31]. According to our results, in the review carried out by Dizavandi et al. [32] topical isoflavones presented better outcomes on vaginal atrophy. It was found that the administration of 80 mg of red clover oil had a significant effect on superficial (p < 0.005), intermediate (p < 0.005) and parabasal cells, and vaginal dryness (p < 0.005), compared to the placebo. In addition, genistein had a more prominent effect on the genital score. The severity of dyspareunia decreased by 27%.
Sustainability of vaginal estrogens for genitourinary syndrome of menopause – a systematic review
Published in Climacteric, 2021
S. Weidlinger, C. Schmutz, H. Janka, C. Gruetter, P. Stute
Eight weeks of treatment with vaginal E3 (500 μg per ovule) induced a significant reduction of all subjective GSM symptoms (dryness, irritation, dyspareunia, chronic vaginal leukorrhea) up to 6 months of follow-up. However, the effect of vaginal E3 was diminished at 12-month follow-up and at 18-month follow-up. Some parameters were even significantly worse than before treatment (dryness, irritation, chronic vaginal leukorrhea) [12]. In contrast, vaginal E3 ultralow dose (50 μg/application) had a shorter long-term effect, as vaginal dryness and dysuria had significantly worsened 3 months after treatment cessation [11].
Short-term effects of an erbium/neodymium laser combination in superficial dyspareunia: a pilot study
Published in Climacteric, 2022
The multiple linear regression model considering age at treatment, YSM and treatment done as variables showed R2 of 0.55. This model revealed that age at treatment and YSM did not influence ΔT0/T3, while it was related only to the laser treatment performed (Table 2). No adverse events related to the procedure were recorded throughout the study period. The most common reactions reported were a transitory warm, not burning, sensation during treatment and, in a few cases, self-limiting leukorrhea for a few days after treatment.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Estrogen
- Inflammation
- Menstruation
- Puberty
- White Blood Cell
- Cervix
- Vaginal Discharge
- Pregnancy
- Vaginitis
- High-Power Field