Uterine Cancer
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2020
In the case of a carcinoma involving only an endometrial polyp: Prognosis is in general more favorable. Such carcinomas have an excellent prognosis, especially when they are of endometrioid histology and carry a low risk of lymph node metastasis; thus, extensive staging (e.g., lymph node dissection [LND]) is generally not performed. Caution should be exercised here, however, in cases of polypectomy specimens or outpatient biopsies without endometrial curettings, as this may underestimate the true extent of disease in other areas of the uterus. The coincidence of EC in a polyp does not imply that endometrial polyps are premalignant. Their association is due to the fact that endometrial polyps, carcinoma, and cancer precursors (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia) arise at higher risk in the setting of persistent estrogen exposure (anovulatory cycles or obesity).22
Endometrial cancer
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2014
In case of a carcinoma involving only an endometrial polyp – Prognosis is in general more favourable. Such carcinomas have an excellent prognosis, especially when of endometrioid histology and carry a low risk of lymph node metastasis; thus, extensive staging (e.g. lymph node dissection [LND]) is generally not performed. Caution should be exercised here, however, in cases of polypectomy specimens or outpatient biopsies without endometrial curettings, as this may underestimate the true extent of disease in other areas of the uterus. The coincidence of endometrial carcinoma in a polyp does not imply that endometrial polyps are premalignant. Their association is due to the fact that endometrial polyps, carcinoma and cancer precursors (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia) arise in the setting of persistent estrogen exposure (anovulatory cycles or obesity).14
Benign conditions of the uterus, cervix and endometrium
Helen Bickerstaff, Louise C Kenny in Gynaecology, 2017
Endometrial polyps are focal endometrial outgrowths containing a variable amount of glands, stroma and blood vessels, which influence their macroscopic appearance. Endometrial polyps may be asymptomatic but can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) (heavy menstrual bleeding [HMB], IMB and postmenopausal bleeding [PMB]) and adversely impact on fertility. They are common and estimated to be present in around 10–20% of women with AUB and 10% of women with subfertility. Risk factors for endometrial polyp development include obesity, late menopause, the use of the partial oestrogen agonist tamoxifen and possibly the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Most polyps do not appear to be subject to the normal cellular mechanisms that regulate the endometrium. Consequently, they are relatively insensitive to cyclical hormonal changes, leading them to persist and cause unscheduled vaginal bleeding. Endometrial polyps contain hyperplastic foci in 10–25% of symptomatic cases and 1% is frankly malignant. The risk of polyps harbouring serious endometrial disease is increased after the menopause and with the use of tamoxifen. Endometrial polyps may be pedunculated or sessile, single or multiple and vary in size (0.5–4 cm).
Effectiveness of different methods for polypectomy in the menopause: a retrospective study
Published in Climacteric, 2020
S. Molnár, Z. Farkas, A. Jakab, R. Lampé, P. Török
The endometrial polyp is a common lesion in both women’s reproductive and postmenopausal ages; it is a localized tumor in the uterine cavity, which represents focal hyperplasia of the basal layer of the endometrium1. Histologically, the endometrial polyp is composed of endometrial glands and stroma around a vascular axis of spiral arteries. The pathogenesis of polyps is not exactly clear; according to Baiocchi et al., it is similar to that of endometrial hyperplasia2. There are changes in the hormonal responsiveness of endometrial tissue with the increase of estrogen receptors and the decrease or disappearance of progesterone receptors, leading to unopposed estrogen stimulation3. Similarly, hormonal disorders such as chronic anovulation, luteal insufficiency, or hyperestrogenic states may cause the formation of endometrial polyps2,4. Polyps may be single or multiple, of various sizes, sessile, or pedunculated1.
Hysteroscopy Combined with Laser Vaporesection for Endometrial Polyps
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Hongyan Ren, Hua Duan, Sha Wang, Yanan Chang
Endometrial polyp is a benign local hyperplasia of the endometrium, which is often associated with high estrogen level, advanced age and menopause. It is a relatively common lesion in the uterine cavity [20–22]. For endometrial polyps requiring surgical intervention, hysteroscopic polypectomy is an effective and safe method for the diagnosis and treatment of endometrial polyps [23]. There are several effective methods to remove polyps in hysteroscopy. Mechanical instruments (i.e. grasping forceps or scissors), small-sized resection mirror and semiconductor laser can be used for hysteroscopic endometrial polypectomy in office environment. Hysteroscopy combined with bipolar electrosurgical is widely used in polypectomy worldwide [24]. However, this surgical method is more traumatic to the endometrium, which may increase the risk of electrical burn, hyponatremia, uterine perforation, incomplete resection of lesions, etc [17, 25].
Serum concentrations of heavy metals in women with endometrial polyps
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Betül Kalkan Yılmaz, Özlem Evliyaoğlu, Ayçağ Yorgancı, Şebnem Özyer, Yaprak Engin Üstün
The patients’ ages, number of pregnancies, body mass indices (BMI), smoking behaviours, drinking water preferences, systemic diseases (thyroid disorder, type 2 diabetes, and primary hypertension) and Cu-IUD histories were noted for all patients. All patients underwent transvaginal ultrasonography. Patients with suspected endometrial polyp were then examined with office hysteroscopy or saline infusion sonography (SIS) for confirmation. Overnight fasting blood samples were withdrawn from the patients who were hospitalised for operation with the diagnosis of endometrial polyp. For the control group, blood samples were taken on the day of endometrial sampling. Patients with normal endometrial sampling consisted of the control group. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to the collection of the blood samples.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dysmenorrhea
- Estrogen
- Obesity
- Peduncle
- Hypertension
- Cervix
- Neoplasm
- Menopause
- Vagina
- Heavy Menstrual Bleeding