Benign Neoplasms of the Colon and Rectum
Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs, Lee E. Smith, Scott Thorn Barrows, Carla Gunn, Gregory Blew, David Ehlert, Craig Kiefer, Kim Martens in Neoplasms of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, 2007
The concept that carcinomas of the colon and rectum derived from benign adenoma was observed by C. Dukes of St. Mark’s Hospital, London, in 1926. Numerous studies, based on tumor registry reports, hospital records, pathology reports, surgical specimens, and colonoscopy show a coexistence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum ranging from 13% to 62%. Colonoscopy has revolutionized the management of large bowel polyps. Most polyps throughout the entire colon and rectum can be excised through the colonoscope with minimal morbidity. Polyps of the colon and rectum that are too numerous for colonoscopy and polypectomies should have an abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis or proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or an ileostomy. M. Miettinen et al studied all the mesenchymal neoplasms involving the rectum and anus coded as leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, smooth muscle neoplasm, schwannomas, neurofibromas, nerve sheath, stromal neoplasm.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Tariq I. Mughal in Precision Haematological Cancer Medicine, 2018
This chapter briefly reviews the complex genetic landscape and treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Therapy-related AML is recognized as a subgroup of the World Health Organization 2016 classification of AML, classified as a therapy-related myeloid neoplasm, which also includes therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes. The conventional treatment plan for most patients consists of remission induction followed by a post-remission, or 'consolidation' therapy. There can be no doubt of the additional prognostic impact of the refinements to the complex genetic and epigenetic landscape of AML. This is additive to the initial framework for risk stratification of AML, based on clinical features, biologics and cytogenetics. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-matched sibling donor has been standard treatment for patients with poor-risk AML in first complete remission since the 1980s. A substantial amount of high-quality genetic data has been garnered on patients with AML improving our understanding of the biology and informed a better genomic classification and prognostication methods.
Abnormal gas myelogram
Milosh Perovitch in Radiological Evaluation of the Spinal Cord, 2019
In the period of the insidious onset of the disease, the spinal cord on gas myelograms may have a normal or even narrower appearance, suggesting the possibility of an atrophic process. The width of the syrinx in the sagittal projection of the spinal cord varies according to the position of the patient in the course of gas myelography. The performance of gas myelography and the demonstration of the syrinx may also be arduous in the case of kyphosis, which often accompanies syringomyelia. Hydromyelia is a congenital dilatation of the central canal that can have the form of a narrow slit often found in necropsies, but it can also present a fairly large tubular cavity involving several segments, or even most of the length of the spinal cord. Hematomyelia may also occur in connection with a venous infarction of the spinal cord, arteriosclerosis, syringomyelia, spinal cord neoplasms, and meningovascular syphilis.
Wnt signaling and senescence: A tug of war in early neoplasia?
Published in Cancer Biology & Therapy, 2008
Peter D. Adams, Greg H. Enders
Studies of early neoplasia have revealed fundamental molecular pathways that drive tumorigenesis. Despite this progress, synthesis of principles of tumorigenesis that span tissue types has lagged. Such forays into the ‘comparative anatomy’ of cancer can stimulate new models and refine key questions. We envision commonality of pathways important in formation of two early benign neoplasms that are found in different tissues and which are not generally thought to be similar: dysplastic nevi of the skin and intestinal aberrant crypt foci. We propose that these neoplasms result from an ongoing ‘tug of war’ between the tumor suppression barrier posed by cellular senescence and the tumor-promoting activity of Wnt signaling. Whether or not such neoplasms progress to malignancy or persist in a benign state for many years might be largely determined by the outcome of this tug of war and its modulation by other genetic and epigenetic alterations, such as inactivation of p16INK4a.
Basal cell carcinoma within nevus sebaceous of the trunk
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Ian T. Watson, Andrew DeCrescenzo, So Yeon Paek
We report the first case of an 82-year-old woman with five basal cell carcinomas within a large nevus sebaceous of the trunk. Nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn is a congenital cutaneous hamartoma affecting 0.3% of newborns. Clinical diagnosis is based on its distinctive hairless, orange-brown appearance. Up to 51% of nevus sebaceous may exhibit secondary neoplasia, and basal cell carcinoma is thought to occur in approximately 1% of lesions. Our patient presented with an asymptomatic, pigmented verrucous plaque on the upper right back that had been present since birth. Histopathology of concerning papules within the nevus sebaceous were consistent with five basal cell carcinomas and two follicular adnexal neoplasms. The patient was treated with local excisions, topical imiquimod, and close monitoring.
Association of multiple myeloma with different neoplasms: systematic analysis in consecutive patients with myeloma
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2011
Jens Hasskarl, Gabriele Ihorst, David De Pasquale, Percy Schröttner, Alf Zerweck, Ralph Wäsch, Monika Engelhardt
Multiple myeloma (MM) has been suggested to be associated with different neoplasms. Of 589 consecutive patients with MM, 59 (10%) had different neoplasms: solid tumors in 78% and hematological neoplasms in 22%. Different neoplasms were separated into those emerging prior or synchronously (p/s; n = 41) versus subsequently after the MM (n = 18). The rate of different neoplasms at the time of MM diagnosis was estimated as 6.6%, and estimated different neoplasm rates at 2, 5, and 10 years were 7.8%, 10.3%, and 11.6%, respectively. Patients with MM with p/s different neoplasms showed a hazard ratio (HR) for impaired overall survival of 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–2.0), whereas in those with subsequent neoplasms the HR was 2.5 (95% CI 1.4–4.4). This demonstrates that (1) p/s are more frequent compared with subsequent different neoplasms, and (2) the prognosis is more impaired with subsequent different neoplasms. Age ≥60 years was a confounding covariable with a HR of 2.021 (95% CI 1.6–2.6).