Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Damage to the hippocampus or any of the association areas in the temporal lobe with which it connects will result in deficits in explicit memory.29–31 Explicit memory is sometimes referred to as declarative memory and includes episodic and semantic memory. Declarative memory formation is impaired following MTL damage. Semantic memory is the capacity for acquisition and recollection of facts and other general knowledge about the world.44–46 Episodic memory involves memory for events and experiences, and semantic memory involves memory for factual information abstracted from specific incidents or episodes.47,48 Characteristics of declarative memory include that it is flexible, consciously accessible, and integrated into a broad fund of stored knowledge.49–52
The Neuropsychological Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse
John Brick in Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Considerable neuropsychological attention has been focused on the cognitive features of Korsakoff’s syndrome, a somewhat rare but profound consequence of chronic heavy drinking. Afflicted individuals first undergo an acute encephalopathic crisis called Wernicke’s encephalopathy that resolves into a persistent and severe amnesia referred to as Korsakoff’s amnesia. The characteristics of this amnesia include a severe anterograde loss of memory during which the afflicted individual is unable to learn new verbal or nonverbal information that is declarative and episodic in nature. Declarative memory refers to knowledge of facts or events that can be consciously stated or declared by the individual. Episodic memory, as noted earlier, refers to recall of facts or events that occurred at a specific time in a person’s life, such as recalling what one ate for breakfast in the morning. The anterograde amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome is often accompanied by normal or near normal intellectual functions and a milder retrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia refers to difficulty in retrieving facts or events from long-term memory that occurred before the onset of the illness. It is usually more pronounced for events that occurred just prior to the onset of the illness, while remote events, such as childhood memories, are relatively well preserved (Albert, Butters, and Brandt, 1981; Butters and Miliotis, 1985).
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
New insights into the function of the hippocampus are emerging from FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING work with human subjects using PET and FMRI. These indicate that activation of the human hippocampus and PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS occur during the recall of navigation through real or virtual environments, supporting the spatial theory. Episodic and declarative memory tasks seem, surprisingly, to activate the PREFRONTAL CORTEX preferentially and to do so differentially on the left or right side of the brain during encoding and recall respectively. However, a developing suspicion is that the hippocampus is metabolically continuously active and so hard to activate differentially using the subtractive methodology widely adopted in imaging work. The hippocampus may therefore play a critical role in some aspect of episodic memory, probably in the more automatic types of encoding that do not depend on intentional or effortful processing characteristic of the FRONTAL LOBE.
Personality and Authenticity in Light of the Memory-Modifying Potential of Optogenetics
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2021
Przemysław Zawadzki, Agnieszka K. Adamczyk
For now, however, we focus on episodic memory as it was (and often still is) commonly assumed as the only kind of memory which makes available self-referential content. This assumption has led philosophers and psychologists interested in the relation between memory and the self to preponderantly study and discuss the episodic memory system (Klein 2015a). In contrast to semantic memory, episodic memory provides its owner with a record of both the spatial and temporal characteristics of a specific remembered event, as well as the context of acquiring a given memory. Thus, episodic memory is sometimes called what-where-when (www) knowledge (Tulving 1972). This function of episodic memory is thought to be realized by its distinct phenomenology (Dokic 2014; Klein 2013b, 2014b, 2015b; Michaelian, Klein, and Szpunar 2016; Perner, Kloo, and Gornik 2007; Tulving 2002). One of the most influential concepts of the nature of this phenomenology refers to autonoetic consciousness. It is the idea that episodic memory involves mental time travel located at a subjective time other than the present and accompanied by the first-person perspective (Klein 2013a, 2013c; Michaelian 2016; Schacter, Addis, and Buckner 2007; Suddendorf and Corballis 2007).
Painful reminders: Involvement of the autobiographical memory system in pediatric postsurgical pain and the transition to chronicity
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Anna Waisman, Maria Pavlova, Melanie Noel, Joel Katz
The episodic component of autobiographical memory is defined by autonoetic consciousness, which is the ability to mentally project oneself across time to “re-experience” specific events from the past and to imagine the future.13 Rather than being exact replicas of prior experiences, episodic memories entail reconstructive processes that are prone to error.30–33 That is, episodic memory is considered to be the product of binding accurate event details with relevant semantic or schematic knowledge and details from other events in order to fill gaps in remembering and make memories more coherent.30,34 Therefore, the way in which people remember and interpret their life experiences, to a great extent, depends on their preexisting knowledge and preconceptions about the world.31 On one hand, this can lead to biases that result in memory distortions.35 However, prior knowledge can also act to enhance new memories by integrating episodes within an existing semantic network.36,37 Younger children have a smaller repertoire of semantic knowledge to draw on, and this might be one reason why they are generally more susceptible to false memories and suggestibility.38 Though the inexact nature of memory retrieval might appear fundamentally disadvantageous, a memory system that is constructive in nature serves an adaptive role, because it allows individuals to categorize information, generalize knowledge across tasks, and imagine and simulate personal future events.16,39
Can the RAVLT predict deterioration from MCI to dementia? Data from long term follow up
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2021
Liraz Dawidowicz, Elissa L. Ash, Amos D. Korczyn, Fani Andelman, Sigal Levy, Odelia Elkana
Medial temporal lobe atrophy has been demonstrated in MCI patients, which progresses over the time as cognitive impairment declines to dementia (Bouwman et al., 2007; Mortimer, Likeman & Lewis, 2013; Roberts & Knopman, 2013). The medial temporal regions, mainly the hippocampi, are involved with episodic memory abilities, such as learning, recall, and recognition (Kopelman, Stevens, Foli & Grasby, 1998; Russo et al., 2017). The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an effective neuropsychological tool which assesses episodic memory (Andersson et al., 2006; Moradi, Hallikainen, Hänninen & Tohka, 2017; Vakil, Greenstein & Blachstein, 2010). Studies have shown that MCI participants scored better on the RAVLT compared to participants with dementia (Åstrand, Rolstad & Wallin, 2010), and that MCI participants who progressed to dementia scored worse on the RAVLT compared to those who remained in the MCI category (Andersson et al., 2008, 2006; Klekociuk, Summers, Vickers & Summers, 2014; Korolev, Symonds & Bozoki, 2016; Metastasio et al., 2006). However, these studies had a relatively short follow-up time (i.e. 1–3 years).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Emotion
- Explicit Memory
- Implicit Memory
- Memory
- Semantic Memory
- Experience
- Long-Term Memory
- Recall
- Time Perception
- Mental Time Travel