Ethanolic Extracts of Dysphania ambrosioides Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Experimental Animals
Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu in Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
The results of the EPM task revealed that mice, after oral treatment with Dys100 or Dys200, prior to scopolamine treatment, showed a significant decline in TL quite similar to the effects observed after administration of the standard nootropic drug, tacrine. This suggests the possible memory-enhancing property of both Dys100 and Dys200. Moreover, both the extracts were assessed for their cognitive enhancement effect on mice against scopolamine-induced amnesia, using MWM. Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesic parameters in the MWM test reflected increased retention of memory in the animals. Both the Dys100 and Dys200 groups showed remarkable reductions in EL and path lengths, when compared with the scopolamine group. In addition to this, the animals also spent more time in the target quadrant searching for the platform removed from the target quadrant, which is an indicator of cognitive improvement. The Barnes maze test was performed on rats in order to assess the retention of memory in animals. EL and the number of poke errors were recorded as markers of memory enhancement. The two test groups, Dys100 and Dys200, each took comparatively less time to find the target hole and made fewer poke errors, in contrast with the scopolamine-treated group.
Environmental enrichment: A preclinical model of neurorehabilitation for traumatic brain injury
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
EE has also been reported to exert benefits after blast TBI (bTBI) produced via a compression-driven shock tube as reported by Kovesdi et al.63 Following the bTBI, the rats were evaluated for behavioral performance on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and Barnes maze commencing on day 15 and extending to day 66 postinjury. EE did not normalize anxiety postinjury on the EPM. However, EE did significantly improve spatial memory performance in the Barnes maze compared to the non-EE rats.63 Furthermore, the signaling protein vascular endothelial growth factor, a positive regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis,64 and tau protein, a marker of axonal degeneration, were normalized in the dorsal hippocampus in the rats exposed to EE. EE also reduced IL-6 expression in the ventral hippocampus.63 That EE is able to provide benefit in a model of bTBI, which is taking on more significance given the nature of injuries in the military, strengthens the paradigm.
Irreversible hippocampal changes induced by high fructose diet in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Juan Fierros-Campuzano, Paola Ballesteros-Zebadúa, Joaquín Manjarrez-Marmolejo, Penélope Aguilera, Mónica Méndez-Diaz, Oscar Prospero-García, Javier Franco-Pérez
To analyze the spatial memory in rats, we used the Barnes maze test. The maze is made up of a circular wooden platform 150 cm in diameter and raised 90 cm from the ground. The platform has 40 circular holes 7 cm in diameter located equidistantly along the perimeter and 5 cm away from the edge. A 10 × 10 × 30 cm black box functioned as the escape chamber and was positioned under a specific hole previously selected for each rat. The position of the escape chamber remained the same for the entire test. A sound generator emitting 90 dB tones was used as an aversive stimulus to motivate the escape; the speaker was positioned above the platform's center. The training protocol was carried out as previously described in Rueda-Orozco et al. [19]. Briefly, five days before completing their treatment, the rats were trained in the Barnes maze. The session day consisted of four trials of 4 min each, so we finished the test and got 16 trials in 4 days for each rat. At the beginning of the session, the rats were allowed to remain in the escape chamber for 1 min. After, animals were placed inside a metal cylinder at the center of the maze for 10 s and then set free to explore the maze for 4 min. The trial ended when the rats found and entered the escape chamber or when the time elapsed. The aversive noise was turned off immediately when the rat entered the escape chamber. All the sessions were carried out during the light period between 11:00 and 13:00 h, and every trial was video recorded for later offline analysis.
Young versus aged microbiota transplants to germ-free mice: increased short-chain fatty acids and improved cognitive performance
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Juneyoung Lee, Venugopal R. Venna, David J. Durgan, Huanan Shi, Jacob Hudobenko, Nagireddy Putluri, Joseph Petrosino, Louise D. McCullough, Robert M. Bryan
Barnes Maze test was performed on an elevated circular platform with 20 evenly spaced holes. One of the holes was equipped with an escape box, allowing each mouse to escape and hide in the darkness. The maze was illuminated with bright overhead lights served as an aversive stimulus to encourage the mouse to escape. All training and testing for both groups were performed by the same blinded investigator. All behavior was recorded on video and analyzed using Noldus EthoVision behavior software (Leesburg, Virginia). Mice received 3 training trials for 2 minutes each. If a mouse failed to find the escape hole during the training trials, it was gently guided to the escape hole. The training trial was followed by a test trial (3 minute duration). The time taken to reach the entry zone, defined as a 3-cm border around the escape hole, was measured. The escape hole location was unchanged throughout the training and testing trials in order to allow for the mice to learn its location by the visual cues suspended around the maze.
Learning and memory dysfunction of non-surgery cage-mates of mice with surgery
Published in Stress, 2020
Yuxin Zheng, Zhiyi Zuo
One day after Barnes maze test, mice were subjected to a fear conditioning test as we previously described (Fan et al., 2016). Each mouse was placed into a test chamber wiped with 70% alcohol and exposed to 3 tone-foot shock pairings (tone: 2000 Hz, 85db, 30 s; foot shock: 0.7 mA, 2 s) with an interval 1 min in a relatively dark room. The mouse was removed from this test chamber 30 s after the conditioning stimuli. The animal was placed back in the same chamber without the tone and shock 24 h later for 6 min. The animal was placed 2 h later into another test chamber that had different context and smell from the first test chamber in a relatively well-lit room. The second chamber was cleaned with 1% acetic acid. Freezing behavior was recorded for 3 min without the tone stimulus. The tone was then turned on for 3 cycles, each cycle for 30 s followed by 1-min inter-cycle interval (4.5 min in total). Animal activity in these two chambers was video-recorded. The freezing behavior in the 6 min in the first chamber (context-related) and 4.5 min in the second chamber (tone-related) was scored in a 6 s interval by an observer who was blind to the group assignment.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Spatial Memory
- Memory
- Genetics
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Concussion
- Hippocampus
- Encoding
- Storage
- Morris Water Navigation Task
- Radial Arm Maze