Nonlinear tissue processing in ophthalmic surgery
Pablo Artal in Handbook of Visual Optics, 2017
Such a propagation of light in a medium is the normal case and is referred to as linear propagation. If the amplitudes of the electromagnetic waves are extremely high, which corresponds to an intense light field such as those provided by lasers, the electrons may respond nonlinearly to the electric field of the light. These nonlinearities occur in certain crystal materials. They are responsible for effects such as the oscillation of the electrons do not oscillate harmonically with the frequency of the incoming filed but with, for example, twice the frequency. As a consequence, the emitted field has the double frequency or half the wavelength of the incoming field. Such a process, called frequency doubling or second harmonic generation. It is used today routinely when, for example, a Nd:YAG laser is focused into a KDP (monopotassium phosphate) crystal and its 1064 nm infrared wavelength is turned into 532 nm visible green light.
Platelet-rich plasma loaded with antibiotics as an affiliated treatment for infected bone defect by combining wound healing property and antibacterial activity
Published in Platelets, 2021
Shaochuan Wang, Youbin Li, Shidan Li, Jing Yang, Ruohui Tang, Xiaoming Li, Lei Li, Jun Fei
Vancomycin hydrochloride (VIANEX S.A. (PLANT C), Greece), clindamycin phosphate (Tianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Soochow China), ceftazidime (Glaxosmithkline S.p.A., Verona, Italy), and thrombin (Leiyunshang Phamax Inc., Changchun, China), were purchased from the Daping Hospital Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. Antibodies against fibrin were purchased from GeneTex (Irvine, China). ELISA kits were purchased from R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, MN). Ammonium acetate, monopotassium phosphate, phosphoric acid, and tetrahydrofuran were purchased from KESHI Chemical Products Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Formic acid, methanol, acetonitrile in HPLC grade were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Cellulose filter membranes with diameter of 0.45 μm which were used to filter the mobile phase were from Millipore (MA, USA). Bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa, ATCC 27853) were obtained from the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Preparation and characterization of insulin chitosan-nanoparticles loaded in buccal films
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Nusaiba K. Al-Nemrawi, Sara S. M. Alsharif, Karem H. Alzoubi, Rami Q. Alkhatib
The insulin release from CS-NPs was studied in vitro using dialysis bags. Samples equivalent to 2.5 mg insulin were dispersed in 2 ml of artificial saliva and secured into the dialysis bags. Later, the dialysis bags were immersed in a beaker containing 8 ml of artificial saliva at 37 °C using a digital shaking water bath (Daihan Scientific, Korea) that agitated the samples at 100 rpm. The artificial saliva was prepared by dissolving 2.38 g of disodium phosphate, 0.19 g of monopotassium phosphate, and 8 g of sodium chloride in 1 L of distilled water, and the pH was adjusted with phosphoric acid to 7.4. Samples of 1 ml from each beaker were withdrawn at certain time points (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h) and were replaced with the same amount of artificial saliva. Finally, the withdrawn samples were analyzed using HPLC-UV method described previously.
How subtle differences in polymer molecular weight affect doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles degradation and drug release
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Natalya Kumskova, Yulia Ermolenko, Nadezhda Osipova, Aleksey Semyonkin, Natalia Kildeeva, Marina Gorshkova, Andrey Kovalskii, Tatyana Kovshova, Vadim Tarasov, Joerg Kreuter, Olga Maksimenko, Svetlana Gelperina
Copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids (PLGA) with a lactide–glycolide ratio of 50:50 and carboxylic end groups were obtained from Evonik Röhm GmbH, Germany [Resomer® RG 502 H], Lactel Absorbable Polymers, USA [Lactel®], and Corbion, Netherlands [Purasorb® PDLG 5002A]. Doxorubicin hydrochloride substance (Dox, 99.5% w/w) was purchased from Teva, Sicor, Italy. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 9–10 kDa, hydrolysis degree 80%) and poloxamer 188 (Pluronic® F-68) were from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Buffer solutions were prepared using PBS tablets (MP Biomedicals, LLC, USA), disodium phosphate (DSP), and monopotassium phosphate (MKP) salts (Panreac, Spain). All other reagents, including dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were of analytical grade. Ultrapure water (type 1) produced by EasyPure UV 1053 (BarnStead Thermolyne, USA) was used for the experiments.
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