Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite In Africa and The Middle East / Arabian Peninsula
Jürg Meier, Julian White in Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Mambas are very long, thin, alert, nervous and agile, arboreal or (D. polylepis) terrestrial, highly dangerous venomous snakes.Common or eastern green, or white-mouthed mamba (D. angusticeps) (Figure 3a): it is uniformly bright green. It rarely exceeds 2.5 metres in length. It is strictly arboreal and is found in thick forest or bush down the eastern coast of Africa from Kenya to South Africa. It can be confused with harmless bush snakes (genus Philothamnus) and green boomslangs (Dispholidus typus).Traill’s, Jameson’s, green forest or western green mamba (D. jamesoni) (Figure 3b): the colouring is bright green to yellowish green, with the scales edged with black. Maximum length 3.66 metres. It is mainly arboreal. In defence it spreads a hood or inflates its throat. It inhabits rain forests from Ghana east to western Kenya.Black or black-mouthed mamba (D. polylepis) (Figure 4): it is coloured greyish brown or olive brown with a black buccal lining. It is more heavily built than other mambas; maximum length 4.3 metres (fang length up to 6.5 mm). In defence, it rears up distending a small hood, opening its mouth and hissing. It occurs in dry woodland and scrub but not in rain forest or desert, throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There are few records of it in West Africa.Hallowell’s or western green mamba (D. viridis): its colouring is like D. jamesoni. Maximum length 2.4 metres. It inflates its throat and spreads a small hood in defence. This mamba is both arboreal and terrestrial and occurs in coastal rain forests of West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria and on São Tomé Island.
The clinical course and treatment of black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) envenomations: a narrative review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Mark Aalten, Carsten F. J. Bakhuis, Ilias Asaggau, Maaike Wulfse, Maurits F. van Binsbergen, Eran R. A. N. Arntz, Max F. Troenokarso, Jashvin L. R. Oediet Doebe, Ubah Mahamuud, Leila Belbachir, Myrthe Meurs, Nastya A. Kovalenko, Marcel A. G. van der Heyden
The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated snakebites to be a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) [1]. This makes it the only NTD that is not an infectious disease [2]. Most of this burden falls on Africa. In Africa, the Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is one of the most hazardous snakes, due to its length, speed, and the toxicity of its venom [3]. Therefore, the WHO categorized D. polylepis as a species of “highest medical importance” [4]. Bites occur mainly in endemic areas of Sub-Saharan Africa (especially from Kenya to South Africa), but also occasionally in non-endemic areas (especially Europe and North America) due to trafficking by private collectors [3,5,6]. Thus, due to its dangerousness and its prevalence in endemic and non-endemic regions, knowledge of envenomations and the biological characteristics of D. polylepis is critical to reduce casualties.
Recent advances in microcatheter technology for the treatment of chronic total occlusions
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Evangelia Vemmou, Ilias Nikolakopoulos, Iosif Xenogiannis, Michael Megaly, Allison Hall, Yale Wang, Ivan Chavez, Santiago Garcia, M. Nicholas Burke, Emmanouil S. Brilakis
The Mamba has a higher distal crossing profile (0.032”, 0.81mm) and is designed to provide strong guidewire support for antegrade crossing. It is only available in 135 cm length. The Mamba Flex has a lower distal crossing profile (0.028”, 0.71 mm) and can be used for both retrograde and antegrade crossing, especially through areas of tortuosity. The Mamba Flex is available in both 135 and 150 cm lengths.
Synthetic cannabinoid “Black Mamba” infidelity in patients presenting for emergency stabilization in Colorado: a P SCAN Cohort
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Nicklaus Brandehoff, Axel Adams, Kyle McDaniel, Samuel D. Banister, Roy Gerona, Andrew A. Monte
Black Mamba is one of many SCs sold using brand name recognition. Consumers believe they are receiving a specific product with anticipated effects though they actually receive a wide range of illicit drugs. These findings should prompt public health substance abuse education targeted at prospective SC users.
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